Resource shortage paper an Example by

Resource shortage paper The island of Palawan in the Philippines is home to the last frontier of ecological study in the Philippines. Palawan may be seen clearly from a topographic map of the Philippines as a narrow archipelago comprised of 1784 islands located at the west-southwest tip of the country. Palawan is known to be the largest island in the country, with its coastline spanning 2000 km characterized by numerous coves and bays (Budomo, 2004). Palawan is rich in natural resources, boasting tropical forests and coral reefs which are home to many endangered species. It is divided into 21 municipalities, 420 small towns and one city. Need essay sample on "Resource shortage paper" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper online? Specialists recommend: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Best Essay Writing Service I Need Someone To Write My Essay For Me Write My Paper For Cheap Writing Services For purposes of this essay, the focus will be Palawans capital city, Puerto Princesa and its coastal and marine resources. The city has a total forest cover of 151405 hectares which is 60 percent of the total land area. 10000 hectares are allotted to national park reservations and 72000 hectares are allotted to agricultural purposes. A long mountain range cuts the city into two areas. Three bays surround the city as well, namely Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa Bay and the Ulugan Bay. 416 kilometers of coastline stretch the perimeter of the city while its coastal waters alone cover an area of 327568 hectares. The city has two types of climate, the dry season and the rainy season (Budomo, 2004). Since the area is a capital city, it was seen that the growing population had begun to take its toll on the resources of the city. Economic and environmental pressures as well as conflicts within the local government on use of resources were beginning to occur. Influx of migrants and the higher demand for fish and marine resources from other parts of the country were depleting the previously-mentioned resources. Studies conducted showed that mangrove and coral reefs in the region that were pristine and functional 10 years ago were now degraded and destroyed because of overexploitation. The people in the community were already experiencing problems of their own such as high dependence on dwindling coastal resources which lead to low household income, low education levels and growing populations. Further studies showed that only 19.3 percent to 50.63 percent of all total corals were alive. The degradation was attributed to cyanide fishing practices, careless dropping of anchor and use of dynamite (Budomo, 2004). This could be because of the low educational levels of the community and the lack of support from local government to educate and train local communities.Commercial fishermen were also beginning to invade the waters that were previously being fished only by the local residents. Land-based activities were also beginning to encroach on the safety of the resources, with extensivesoil erosion from upland activities finding their way into the river systems and coastal areas, contaminating the living environments of the fish and marine resources. Poor law enforcement may be attributed to this, as industrial efforts within the province increased. Continued use of destructive fishing practices by the ever-growing population was also seen as a problem that contributed to lack of fish. Water pollution and poor waste disposal (industrial and domestic waste) in the communities around the coastal and land resources also threatened the viability of the said resources. Fishery laws and natural resource laws were not being enforced properly to deter these illegal and destructive practices. The weather systems present in the region as well greatly affect the livelihood of the fishermen. During months of intense rain and storms, fishing is halted completely due to the danger it involves and the lack of environmental safety measures also cause the reefs and forests to sustain substantial damage, leading to more losses (Budomo, 2004). Most of the communities in the area depended completely on the coastal resources for livelihood, and with the numerous problems surrounding the resources, it may be seen that their survival is at stake. They turn to so-called mother boats which employ the smaller boats to fish for them and immediately buy all the catch of the latter to sell them. It had become common practice for the fishermen to borrow money in advance from these boat operators to be able to survive, which causes them to be buried in debt, so the fish they catch is not compensated anymore (Budomo, 2004). These problems show a wide range of issues that concern the natural resources in Puerto Princesa. The systematic and legal nature of the problems, along with how land and coastal resource use are interconnected because of the topography of the area call for an integrated approach in the solution. A community-based initiative and thrust on resource management is then inferred to be a possible solution to the wide range of problems. The project will use the dependency of the community on the resources at risk as an entry point. Tapping the community members potential for managing resources should be a main feature of resource management projects in the area. Since the majority of the problems in the area such as destructive fishing practices and poor law enforcement deplete coastal resources, training and education of community members is crucial. The fishermen themselves can become the enforcers of fishery law in the communities, as their livelihood depends on upholding the law to protect the resources that guarantee their survival. Also, a community-based effort will ensure the continuity of resource management as the youth of the community may be involved in the project. References Budomo, A. (2004). Puerto Princesa, Palawan. In Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Faces of the Sea: Community-based Fisheries and Coastal Resource Management (pp. 1-45). Quezon City Philippines: Fisheries Resource Management Project, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture.

War in Iraq

War in Iraq Free Online Research Papers We got into a war that had no meaning. There was no weapons of mass destruction and Husein was not a part of the threat. The real threat was with Arafat and Acadia. We chose to detour around the source of the problem causing many lives to be lost for no reason. We are dealing with people who will take any life at any cost for their religious faith. America had good intentions of helping to change a place to better the world. It was a plan no one wanted to have part of. The world viewed this war as an error. Now this country is a threat for a civil war. They need our help to provide the government we promised them. If we pull our troops out without a last strategy to deter the danger of a civil war, it will be chaos. Peace making efforts with the conflicting tribes should come into consideration. We should convince them that the government we promised will help their nation rather than have them destroy it and suffer the burden of a collapsed state of living. We must work with the people instead of inflicting our ideas of living so they can form the government they so badly need. Research Papers on War in IraqQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

Medea (video) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medea (video) - Essay Example She defies the prevalent male chauvinism by murdering Glauce and the society abhors her. Additionally, although the book clearly indicates that Medea loved her children, the video portrays her as a jealous irrational woman whose appearance scares away even her own children. This is a conscious move by the director to expose the perceived animosity of Medea. It portrays her as a brutally proud woman who is reluctant to let her opponents succeed. Although the book portrays Medea as a typical traditional woman fighting against social ills, the video portrays her as a cunning and cold schemer. It gives her the ability to see through the deceitful values and false pieties of her enemies. The video portrays Medea as loving and caring. This is evident through the actions that she did to Jason when they first met. However, one keeps on wondering whether Medea had ever experienced love before she met Jason. Although the book portrays Medea as an abnormal person, the video portrays her as a normal human being with feelings. Her heart turns into vengeance upon discovering that Jason was planning to marry another

Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Structure - Essay Example I strongly believe in this context that the use of debt and equity in a proportionate manner aids in raising capital. Thus, based on my understanding, businesses are identified to consider two important elements that include â€Å"cost of capital† and â€Å"Weighted Average Cost of Capital† (WACC) for the purpose of accomplishing their respective business targets in long term. Subsequently, by mixing debt and equity, the aforesaid two elements can be reduced as per my knowledge. I think that obtaining debt in an adequate manner as a source of capital ensures in generating low and real risks of financial distress (Grundy, n.d.). In this regard, I support the fact that the use of only debt financing or equity financing is accountable for making financial distress in long run. As per my understanding, market values play an imperative role for companies at the time of raising capital. These are important as investors invest based on firms’ value and risks associated with businesses. Subsequently, I consider that there exists a complex relationship prevailing between WACC and debt, as increased amount of debt has positive as well as negative influences on the capital structure of a company. Consequently, I conjure that WACC values increase for more returns and on the other hand, these decreases for low cost of debt as compared to equity. In this regard, from the viewpoints of Modigliani & Miller, I understood that the market value of companies is not based on their respective capital structure totally but is also dependent on other factors (Grundy, n.d.). I strongly believed that gearing is a procedure of ascertaining capital structure of a company based on the relationship persisting between equity and debt. Thus, movements of WACC and share price impose significant impact on shareholders’ wealth. In this regard, the best example of understanding different aspects of debt and equity

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Example for Free

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Asoke Kumar Mehera ([emailprotected] com) (Ex-Teacher of La Mart College of Technology, Sydney) In post-reform period, Chinese state is creating and sponsoring NGOs in order to transfer to them certain functions that it used to perform itself under the command system of the socialist era. NGOs in reform-era China represent both challenge and continuity in state-society relations. It is easy to observe the semi-official nature of some NGOs and the state’s tight formal control of the sector demonstrates the evidence of continuity. The officially organized NGOs are comprehensively dependent on the state agencies that created them and behave more like subordinate units of the agencies than independent entities. Actually, Private entrepreneurs are depended on official patronage for access to bureaucratically allocated resources, political protection and socio-political legitimacy. On the other hand, It is also easy to notice a change in the predominantly popular culture of the other NGOs and a certain degree of autonomy (regarding marginalised interests like HIV, same-sex relationships etc. ). There are genuinely bottom up NGOs that set their own agenda and seek to influence government policies and try to bring important issues to public attention. The arbitrary use of administrative power by the state agents, bureaucratic control over the resources, constant fluctuation in government policies and an ineffective legal system, have all contributed to an uncertain environment for NGOs in China. Many popular NGOs have engaged in entrepreneurial activities with their contacts in the government. The state’s failure to discipline the agents and bureaucrats; whose protection and complicity enable NGOs to evade supervision and engage in inappropriate activities to generate finance. Actually, a vast majority of NGOs are interested mainly in finding ways to exploit state-controlled resources for their own benefit, rather than playing the political role conventionally ascribed to civil society. There are various ways for NGOs to advance their interests, such as forging patron-client ties with officials, operating through networks of personal relations that cut cross the state-society divide or providing political support to the state in exchange for its sponsorship. The self-serving entrepreneurialism of the NGOs (sometimes as part of sponsoring agencies) has apparently been a fairly common problem. Although scholars are still debating about the nature of the Chinese state entrepreneurialism and corporatist state control over NGOs in post-reform era; but the nature of state- civil society interaction can be summarized as â€Å"dependent autonomy†. As per â€Å"fragmented authoritarianism†, the state has retained its dominant role in socio-economic sphere and the authority below the very peak of the system has become more fragmented and disjointed as a result of economic reform. A research on the NGOs carried out in 2000 shows that popular NGOs active in the field of women’s rights, tries to hide the cases from mass media because it would directly criticize the local authorities and police, whose goodwill is important for their existence. Many NGOs consider their relationship with government agencies and officials as the most important of all their relationships. Many officially organized NGOs at local levels are simply tools for local government agencies to create agency slush funds. Various qualitative and quantitative studies of China’s political culture have identified a number of features that are not conducive to collective action and civil society activism. These include elitism, fatalism, and lack of cooperative spirit and group solidarity. Individual NGOs need to pool their resources and join hands with other likeminded people and organizations to challenge government policies which prioritize economic growth over environmental protection. It is not unjust to apply â€Å"macro† political theories such as civil society and corporatism for explaining the actual behaviour of NGOs. Actually, we need to relate NGO studies to such issues as state capacity, political culture, and the evolving state-society relations in China. The growth of autonomous NGOs in China will not necessarily result in the development of a thriving civil society, which needs a competent state structure and impartial legal system. The unethical alliance between local officials and entrepreneurs is basically for the mutual benefit and above all, at the expense of the policies of the central state and the interests of other social groups. Public interest has not been served properly as the state lacks the capacity to enforce rules within the welfare sector largely comprised by NGOs. Actually, the state apathy to civil welfare is depicted by the fact when the central government orders all state agencies to de-link themselves from the economic entities. It is not a good foundation for a healthy civil society. Dependent autonomy is not a type of state- society relations that favours the interest of the state (Yiyi Lu, 2012).

Essay --

Review of â€Å"Prediction Models for Annual Hurricane Counts† ELserner, J. (2006). Prediction Models for Annual US Hurricane Counts. American Meteorological Society, 2935-3951. HURRICANES This paper provides a Bayesian approach towards developing a prediction model for the occurrence of coastal hurricane activity based on historic hurricane data from 1851 to 2004 from US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A hurricane is defined as a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained (1min) 10-m winds of 65kt (33 m s-1) or greater. [1]A Hurricane landfall occurs when a storm passes over land after originating in water. A hurricane can make more than one landfall. A landfall may occur even when the exact centre of low pressure remains offshore(eye) as the eyewall of the hurricane extends a radial distance of 50km. The literature review in the paper suggests a significant effect of El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) on the frequency of hurricanes forming over topics and a less significant effect over sub tropics. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also plays an important role in altering hurricane activity (Elsner 2003; Elsner et al. 2001; Jagger et al. 2001; Mur nane et al 2000) has been stated. The hurricane observations considered in the model fulfills the following criteria 1 The storm hits the US continent atleast once at hurricane intensity. 2 The storm is recorded in the US continent only except Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands The discrepancy associated with the available data of hurricanes is about the certainty of the records for before 1899 ie the hurricane record from 1851-1898 are less certain than records available after 1899. The challenge here is to achieve such a model that gives accurate predictions even if t... ...June. Therefore the partial season count excludes hurricanes of May (1 occurred) and June (19 occurred) from the total of 274 hurricanes from 1851 to 2004. A total of 20% data is eliminated from 274 hurricanes. MODEL FOR ANNUAL HURRICANE COUNT POISSON REGRESSION MODEL h≈ Poisson (lamdai ) lamdai =exp(ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ²) Ln(lamdai)= ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ² ÃŽ ²o and ÃŽ ² define a specific model and are calculated on Bayesian approach. The model assumes the parameters (intercept and coefficient) to have a distribution and that inference is made by computing the posterior probability density of the parameter conditioned on the observed data. The Bayesian approach combines Prior belief [ f(ÃŽ ²) ] and most frequent likelihood to give the posterior Density: f(ÃŽ ²|h) proportional f(h/ ÃŽ ²).f(ÃŽ ²) The posterior density talks about the belief of parameter values after considering the observed counts.