Resource shortage paper an Example by

Resource shortage paper The island of Palawan in the Philippines is home to the last frontier of ecological study in the Philippines. Palawan may be seen clearly from a topographic map of the Philippines as a narrow archipelago comprised of 1784 islands located at the west-southwest tip of the country. Palawan is known to be the largest island in the country, with its coastline spanning 2000 km characterized by numerous coves and bays (Budomo, 2004). Palawan is rich in natural resources, boasting tropical forests and coral reefs which are home to many endangered species. It is divided into 21 municipalities, 420 small towns and one city. Need essay sample on "Resource shortage paper" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper online? Specialists recommend: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Best Essay Writing Service I Need Someone To Write My Essay For Me Write My Paper For Cheap Writing Services For purposes of this essay, the focus will be Palawans capital city, Puerto Princesa and its coastal and marine resources. The city has a total forest cover of 151405 hectares which is 60 percent of the total land area. 10000 hectares are allotted to national park reservations and 72000 hectares are allotted to agricultural purposes. A long mountain range cuts the city into two areas. Three bays surround the city as well, namely Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa Bay and the Ulugan Bay. 416 kilometers of coastline stretch the perimeter of the city while its coastal waters alone cover an area of 327568 hectares. The city has two types of climate, the dry season and the rainy season (Budomo, 2004). Since the area is a capital city, it was seen that the growing population had begun to take its toll on the resources of the city. Economic and environmental pressures as well as conflicts within the local government on use of resources were beginning to occur. Influx of migrants and the higher demand for fish and marine resources from other parts of the country were depleting the previously-mentioned resources. Studies conducted showed that mangrove and coral reefs in the region that were pristine and functional 10 years ago were now degraded and destroyed because of overexploitation. The people in the community were already experiencing problems of their own such as high dependence on dwindling coastal resources which lead to low household income, low education levels and growing populations. Further studies showed that only 19.3 percent to 50.63 percent of all total corals were alive. The degradation was attributed to cyanide fishing practices, careless dropping of anchor and use of dynamite (Budomo, 2004). This could be because of the low educational levels of the community and the lack of support from local government to educate and train local communities.Commercial fishermen were also beginning to invade the waters that were previously being fished only by the local residents. Land-based activities were also beginning to encroach on the safety of the resources, with extensivesoil erosion from upland activities finding their way into the river systems and coastal areas, contaminating the living environments of the fish and marine resources. Poor law enforcement may be attributed to this, as industrial efforts within the province increased. Continued use of destructive fishing practices by the ever-growing population was also seen as a problem that contributed to lack of fish. Water pollution and poor waste disposal (industrial and domestic waste) in the communities around the coastal and land resources also threatened the viability of the said resources. Fishery laws and natural resource laws were not being enforced properly to deter these illegal and destructive practices. The weather systems present in the region as well greatly affect the livelihood of the fishermen. During months of intense rain and storms, fishing is halted completely due to the danger it involves and the lack of environmental safety measures also cause the reefs and forests to sustain substantial damage, leading to more losses (Budomo, 2004). Most of the communities in the area depended completely on the coastal resources for livelihood, and with the numerous problems surrounding the resources, it may be seen that their survival is at stake. They turn to so-called mother boats which employ the smaller boats to fish for them and immediately buy all the catch of the latter to sell them. It had become common practice for the fishermen to borrow money in advance from these boat operators to be able to survive, which causes them to be buried in debt, so the fish they catch is not compensated anymore (Budomo, 2004). These problems show a wide range of issues that concern the natural resources in Puerto Princesa. The systematic and legal nature of the problems, along with how land and coastal resource use are interconnected because of the topography of the area call for an integrated approach in the solution. A community-based initiative and thrust on resource management is then inferred to be a possible solution to the wide range of problems. The project will use the dependency of the community on the resources at risk as an entry point. Tapping the community members potential for managing resources should be a main feature of resource management projects in the area. Since the majority of the problems in the area such as destructive fishing practices and poor law enforcement deplete coastal resources, training and education of community members is crucial. The fishermen themselves can become the enforcers of fishery law in the communities, as their livelihood depends on upholding the law to protect the resources that guarantee their survival. Also, a community-based effort will ensure the continuity of resource management as the youth of the community may be involved in the project. References Budomo, A. (2004). Puerto Princesa, Palawan. In Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Faces of the Sea: Community-based Fisheries and Coastal Resource Management (pp. 1-45). Quezon City Philippines: Fisheries Resource Management Project, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture.

War in Iraq

War in Iraq Free Online Research Papers We got into a war that had no meaning. There was no weapons of mass destruction and Husein was not a part of the threat. The real threat was with Arafat and Acadia. We chose to detour around the source of the problem causing many lives to be lost for no reason. We are dealing with people who will take any life at any cost for their religious faith. America had good intentions of helping to change a place to better the world. It was a plan no one wanted to have part of. The world viewed this war as an error. Now this country is a threat for a civil war. They need our help to provide the government we promised them. If we pull our troops out without a last strategy to deter the danger of a civil war, it will be chaos. Peace making efforts with the conflicting tribes should come into consideration. We should convince them that the government we promised will help their nation rather than have them destroy it and suffer the burden of a collapsed state of living. We must work with the people instead of inflicting our ideas of living so they can form the government they so badly need. Research Papers on War in IraqQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

Medea (video) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medea (video) - Essay Example She defies the prevalent male chauvinism by murdering Glauce and the society abhors her. Additionally, although the book clearly indicates that Medea loved her children, the video portrays her as a jealous irrational woman whose appearance scares away even her own children. This is a conscious move by the director to expose the perceived animosity of Medea. It portrays her as a brutally proud woman who is reluctant to let her opponents succeed. Although the book portrays Medea as a typical traditional woman fighting against social ills, the video portrays her as a cunning and cold schemer. It gives her the ability to see through the deceitful values and false pieties of her enemies. The video portrays Medea as loving and caring. This is evident through the actions that she did to Jason when they first met. However, one keeps on wondering whether Medea had ever experienced love before she met Jason. Although the book portrays Medea as an abnormal person, the video portrays her as a normal human being with feelings. Her heart turns into vengeance upon discovering that Jason was planning to marry another

Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Structure - Essay Example I strongly believe in this context that the use of debt and equity in a proportionate manner aids in raising capital. Thus, based on my understanding, businesses are identified to consider two important elements that include â€Å"cost of capital† and â€Å"Weighted Average Cost of Capital† (WACC) for the purpose of accomplishing their respective business targets in long term. Subsequently, by mixing debt and equity, the aforesaid two elements can be reduced as per my knowledge. I think that obtaining debt in an adequate manner as a source of capital ensures in generating low and real risks of financial distress (Grundy, n.d.). In this regard, I support the fact that the use of only debt financing or equity financing is accountable for making financial distress in long run. As per my understanding, market values play an imperative role for companies at the time of raising capital. These are important as investors invest based on firms’ value and risks associated with businesses. Subsequently, I consider that there exists a complex relationship prevailing between WACC and debt, as increased amount of debt has positive as well as negative influences on the capital structure of a company. Consequently, I conjure that WACC values increase for more returns and on the other hand, these decreases for low cost of debt as compared to equity. In this regard, from the viewpoints of Modigliani & Miller, I understood that the market value of companies is not based on their respective capital structure totally but is also dependent on other factors (Grundy, n.d.). I strongly believed that gearing is a procedure of ascertaining capital structure of a company based on the relationship persisting between equity and debt. Thus, movements of WACC and share price impose significant impact on shareholders’ wealth. In this regard, the best example of understanding different aspects of debt and equity

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Example for Free

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Asoke Kumar Mehera ([emailprotected] com) (Ex-Teacher of La Mart College of Technology, Sydney) In post-reform period, Chinese state is creating and sponsoring NGOs in order to transfer to them certain functions that it used to perform itself under the command system of the socialist era. NGOs in reform-era China represent both challenge and continuity in state-society relations. It is easy to observe the semi-official nature of some NGOs and the state’s tight formal control of the sector demonstrates the evidence of continuity. The officially organized NGOs are comprehensively dependent on the state agencies that created them and behave more like subordinate units of the agencies than independent entities. Actually, Private entrepreneurs are depended on official patronage for access to bureaucratically allocated resources, political protection and socio-political legitimacy. On the other hand, It is also easy to notice a change in the predominantly popular culture of the other NGOs and a certain degree of autonomy (regarding marginalised interests like HIV, same-sex relationships etc. ). There are genuinely bottom up NGOs that set their own agenda and seek to influence government policies and try to bring important issues to public attention. The arbitrary use of administrative power by the state agents, bureaucratic control over the resources, constant fluctuation in government policies and an ineffective legal system, have all contributed to an uncertain environment for NGOs in China. Many popular NGOs have engaged in entrepreneurial activities with their contacts in the government. The state’s failure to discipline the agents and bureaucrats; whose protection and complicity enable NGOs to evade supervision and engage in inappropriate activities to generate finance. Actually, a vast majority of NGOs are interested mainly in finding ways to exploit state-controlled resources for their own benefit, rather than playing the political role conventionally ascribed to civil society. There are various ways for NGOs to advance their interests, such as forging patron-client ties with officials, operating through networks of personal relations that cut cross the state-society divide or providing political support to the state in exchange for its sponsorship. The self-serving entrepreneurialism of the NGOs (sometimes as part of sponsoring agencies) has apparently been a fairly common problem. Although scholars are still debating about the nature of the Chinese state entrepreneurialism and corporatist state control over NGOs in post-reform era; but the nature of state- civil society interaction can be summarized as â€Å"dependent autonomy†. As per â€Å"fragmented authoritarianism†, the state has retained its dominant role in socio-economic sphere and the authority below the very peak of the system has become more fragmented and disjointed as a result of economic reform. A research on the NGOs carried out in 2000 shows that popular NGOs active in the field of women’s rights, tries to hide the cases from mass media because it would directly criticize the local authorities and police, whose goodwill is important for their existence. Many NGOs consider their relationship with government agencies and officials as the most important of all their relationships. Many officially organized NGOs at local levels are simply tools for local government agencies to create agency slush funds. Various qualitative and quantitative studies of China’s political culture have identified a number of features that are not conducive to collective action and civil society activism. These include elitism, fatalism, and lack of cooperative spirit and group solidarity. Individual NGOs need to pool their resources and join hands with other likeminded people and organizations to challenge government policies which prioritize economic growth over environmental protection. It is not unjust to apply â€Å"macro† political theories such as civil society and corporatism for explaining the actual behaviour of NGOs. Actually, we need to relate NGO studies to such issues as state capacity, political culture, and the evolving state-society relations in China. The growth of autonomous NGOs in China will not necessarily result in the development of a thriving civil society, which needs a competent state structure and impartial legal system. The unethical alliance between local officials and entrepreneurs is basically for the mutual benefit and above all, at the expense of the policies of the central state and the interests of other social groups. Public interest has not been served properly as the state lacks the capacity to enforce rules within the welfare sector largely comprised by NGOs. Actually, the state apathy to civil welfare is depicted by the fact when the central government orders all state agencies to de-link themselves from the economic entities. It is not a good foundation for a healthy civil society. Dependent autonomy is not a type of state- society relations that favours the interest of the state (Yiyi Lu, 2012).

Essay --

Review of â€Å"Prediction Models for Annual Hurricane Counts† ELserner, J. (2006). Prediction Models for Annual US Hurricane Counts. American Meteorological Society, 2935-3951. HURRICANES This paper provides a Bayesian approach towards developing a prediction model for the occurrence of coastal hurricane activity based on historic hurricane data from 1851 to 2004 from US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A hurricane is defined as a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained (1min) 10-m winds of 65kt (33 m s-1) or greater. [1]A Hurricane landfall occurs when a storm passes over land after originating in water. A hurricane can make more than one landfall. A landfall may occur even when the exact centre of low pressure remains offshore(eye) as the eyewall of the hurricane extends a radial distance of 50km. The literature review in the paper suggests a significant effect of El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) on the frequency of hurricanes forming over topics and a less significant effect over sub tropics. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also plays an important role in altering hurricane activity (Elsner 2003; Elsner et al. 2001; Jagger et al. 2001; Mur nane et al 2000) has been stated. The hurricane observations considered in the model fulfills the following criteria 1 The storm hits the US continent atleast once at hurricane intensity. 2 The storm is recorded in the US continent only except Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands The discrepancy associated with the available data of hurricanes is about the certainty of the records for before 1899 ie the hurricane record from 1851-1898 are less certain than records available after 1899. The challenge here is to achieve such a model that gives accurate predictions even if t... ...June. Therefore the partial season count excludes hurricanes of May (1 occurred) and June (19 occurred) from the total of 274 hurricanes from 1851 to 2004. A total of 20% data is eliminated from 274 hurricanes. MODEL FOR ANNUAL HURRICANE COUNT POISSON REGRESSION MODEL h≈ Poisson (lamdai ) lamdai =exp(ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ²) Ln(lamdai)= ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ² ÃŽ ²o and ÃŽ ² define a specific model and are calculated on Bayesian approach. The model assumes the parameters (intercept and coefficient) to have a distribution and that inference is made by computing the posterior probability density of the parameter conditioned on the observed data. The Bayesian approach combines Prior belief [ f(ÃŽ ²) ] and most frequent likelihood to give the posterior Density: f(ÃŽ ²|h) proportional f(h/ ÃŽ ²).f(ÃŽ ²) The posterior density talks about the belief of parameter values after considering the observed counts.

The environmental management

Environmental Management is a really of import constituent of sustainable life. The interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature of Environmental Management enables it to work out the complex environmental jobs ( pollution, eroding, implosion therapy, deforestation, desertification, merely to call but a few ) that basically qualify our landscape at the local regional and planetary graduated table. To better understand these jobs, the subject draws on a wealth of expertness in both constructs and attacks from the natural or physical and societal scientific disciplines to develop this interdisciplinary. This essay seeks to research the nature of environmental direction and in peculiar, attending is drawn on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity of environmental direction. The environmental jobs we face today are many and varied. From pollution, eroding, implosion therapy, deforestation, desertification, to climate change- all present themselves in really practical footings and as such environmental direction is more of import than of all time before. However, the field has been the topic of broad unfavorable judgment. For case Bryant and Wilson ( 1998 ) criticized the field as a consequence of the restrictions in the apprehension of root causes-political, economic or cultural issues. There is no by and large acceptable definition of the capable environmental direction. This is partially due to its ‘ wide range and in portion of the diverseness of specialism ( Barrow, 1999 ) . However, efforts have been made by several writers to specify environmental direction. For illustration, Riordan ( 1995 ) ; Barrow ( 1999 ) ; Wilson and Bryant ( 1997 ) ; Bryant and Geoff ( 2009 ) , have all made significant attempt to specify Environmental Management. Environmental direction has been defined as both a procedure and a field of survey ( Wilson and Bryant 1997 ) . In his book, Barrow ( 1999 p. 5 ) presented an overview of some definitions of Environmental Management. Like Environmental Management, definitions and readings of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity abound in literature. For case, Klein, 2004 ; Tress and Tress, 2001 ; Tress et al. , 2005 ; Jones and Macdonald, 2007 ; Evans and Randalls, 2008 ; and Wesselink, 2009. In its simplest sense interdisciplinar ity is an integrative research attack that transects many disciplinary boundaries with a common end and the purpose of production of new cognition and theory ( Tress et al. , 2005 ) . As a procedure, Environmental Management, harmonizing to ( Wilson and Bryant, 1997 p.7 ) can be defined ‘ â€Å"as a multi-layered procedure associated with the interaction of province and non-state environmental directors with the environment and with each other. Environmental Directors are those whose support is chiefly dependent on the application of accomplishment in the active and self witting, direct or indirect, use of the environment with the purpose of heightening predictability in a context of societal and environmental uncertainness†¦ . † While the term ‘state ‘ will include province functionaries such as Department of the Environment, DoE, and Department of Environment Food and Rural Agriculture, DEFRA, merely to call a few, ‘non-state ‘ , on the other manus includes environmental NGOs, husbandmans, multinational corporations ( TNCs ) , hunter-gatherers. In this visible radiation, environmental direction is a procedure non sole merely to big national and international environmental histrions but inclusive to a scope of preponderantly local degree environmental histrions ( Wilson and Bryant, 1997 ) . On the other manus, Environmental direction, as a field of survey, evolved with the turning concern about environmental debasement in the late sixtiess and early 1970 ( Bryant and Geoff, 2009 ; Wilson and Bryant, 1997 ) after station industrialisation. Harmonizing to Barrow ( 2006: 24-26 ) Environmental Management as a field can be subdivided into the followers: â€Å"sustainable development issues ; environmental appraisal, patterning, prediction and hindcasting ; corporate environmental direction ; pollution acknowledgment and control ; environmental economic sciences ; environmental enforcement and statute law ; environment and development establishments and moralss ; environmental direction systems and quality issues ; environmental planning and direction ; appraisal of stakeholders involved in environmental direction ; environmental perceptual experiences and instruction ; community engagement for environmental management/sustainability ; establishment edifice for environmental management/sustainable development ; biodiversity preservation ; natural resources direction ; environmental rehabilitation/restoration ; environmental political relations ; environmental assistance and establishment building† . While the list is non thorough, partially because Environmental Management is comparatively a nascent subject ( Barrow, 2006 ) and is still germinating, its wide range is readily appreciated at a glimpse, as it tends to techno-centric job work outing attack instead than reactive attack. Table 1 high spots some separating characteristics of traditional environmental direction as it were during its early development and at present. Mentioning to interdisciplinarity, the interdisciplinary nature of environmental direction is more than merely integrating. It is basically a modern manner of believing that involves designation, definition every bit good as reading of surveies with the position of proffering practical oriented solutions to environmental jobs ( O'Riordan, 1995 ) . Again, Transdisciplinary surveies harmonizing to Tress et Al. ( 2005 ) involves the integrating of both academic and non-academic participant ( stakeholders ) to research a common end with the creative activity of new cognition and theory. It is expressed from the definitions above that interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are both integrative, in that new cognition and theory is created. However, a distinguishing component is that ‘transdisciplinary research combines interdisciplinarity with a participatory attack ( Tress et al. , 2005 ) Traditional Environmental Management Modern Environmental ManagementLargely ‘top-down attack ‘ ‘Bottom-up ‘ attackManagement was autocratic participatory and much more integrativeShort term program Long term program and hence sustainableExploitational in attack Emphasizes stewardship instead than development.Tends to be reactive Tends to be proactive and participatoryDisciplinary, at best multidisciplinary Interdisciplinary, or even holistic in attackState centric Non province factors involved in the procedure of EMInfluence of natural scientific discipline subject Shift from the natural scientific discipline to societal scientific disciplineBraid and Tress ( 2001 ) introduced a transdisciplinary landscape construct. The transdisciplinary landscape construct, harmonizing to Tress and Tress ( 2001 ) is based on five dimensions: the spacial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the link of nature and civilization, and the systemic belongingss of lan dscape. The significance of coaction in interdisciplinary and trandisciplinary research in the apprehension of human-environment interaction can non be overemphasized. Although environmental direction takes its root from the natural scientific discipline, nevertheless at that place seems to be a displacement from the natural scientific discipline to societal scientific discipline ( Bryant and Wilson, 1998 ) . Figure 1 as shown in the appendix depicts the profound influence from the societal scientific disciplines and once more, in the words of Wilsons and Bryant ( 1997, p 17 ) ‘Environmental Management operates at the intersection of a scope of subjects and subdisciplines ‘ . From the foregoing, It is obvious that Environmental Management is progressively going interdisciplinary and using a great trade of transdisciplinarity attacks. For illustration, Wesselink ( 2008 ) and Potschin and Haines-Young ( 2005 ) have emphasized the importance of using transdisciplinarity in their surveies of land usage planning and landscape ecology respectively.. While the environmental jobs we face today are many and varied both in range and complexness, no one subject can efficaciously supply the cognition adequate plenty to to the full understand nor work out them ( Tress and Tress, 2001 ) . Modern attacks of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity in Environmental Management can be a Panacea of all local to planetary environmental ailments. This notwithstanding, more powerful and robust tools are needed for covering with the jobs of scaling and uncertainness which are important in the human-environment interaction at all graduated table. It is the place of this essay, hence, that while the hunt for a strong and robust tools continues in order to extenuate, control and prevent environmental jobs, active audience and coaction with local communities is a necessary ingredient for sustainable solution.MentionsBarrow, C. J 1999. Environmental Management: Principles and Practice. Routledge, London.Barrow, C. J. 2006. Environmental Management f or Sustainable Development. 2nd edition. Routledge, London.Bryant R.L and Wilson G.A 1998. Rethinking Environmental Management. Advancement in Human Geography 22 ( 3 ) pp 321-343Evans, J. and Randalls, S. 2008 Geography and Paratactical Interdisciplinarity: Positions from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme. Geoforum 39 pp 581-592Jones, P. and Macdonald, N. 2007. Geting it incorrect first clip: edifice on interdisciplinary research relationship. Area 39 ( 4 ) pp 490-498.O'Riordan, T. erectile dysfunction 1995 Environmental Science for Environmental Management Longman Scientific & A ; Technical, England.Potschin, M and Haines-Young, R. 2006. †Rio+10 † , Sustainability Science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and urban planning. 75, 162-74.Phillipson, J. and Lowe, P. 2009 Barriers to Research Collaboration across subjects: scientific paradigms and institutional patterns. Environment and Planing 41, pp 1171-1184Klein, J. T. 2004 Prospects for Transdisciplinarity. Future s 36 pp 515-526Braid, B and Tress, G 2001 Capitalising on Multiplicity: A Transdisciplinary Systems Approach to Landscape Research. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, pp 143-157Braid, B. , Tress, G. , Fry, G. and Opdam, P. 2005 explosive detection systems. From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. Springer, Netherland.Wesselink, A 2009. The Emergence of interdisciplinary Knowledge in Problem-focussed Research. Area 41 ( 4 ) pp. 404-413.Wilson, G. A and Bryant, R.L 1997. Environmental Management: New Directions fot the Twenty-First Century.UCL, London

It Has Been Said That the Comparison Method of Valuation Is the Best Method. Do You Agree with This Statement?

It has been said that the Comparison Method of Valuation is the best method. Do you agree with this statement? It has been said that the Comparison Method of Valuation is the best method. I personally agree to this statement but I believe there is no perfect valuation method. All methods have advantages and disadvantages. Valuers always prefer to use the comparative method for assessing market value or market rent, because it links directly to evidence of current market transactions. The other methods: profits, residual, contractors and investment are used when the comparative method cannot be used with full confidence. The comparison method is used to value the main types of property for example houses shops offices and standard warehouses and factories. These are regularly sold or let in the market giving plenty of evidence to support an assessment of rental value or market value of similar properties. The comparison method can be used to calculate the market value of the property and the rental as well; all other methods can provide results for one or the other. So this method is mainly used because it provides solid evidence of the property’s value. All other methods can be manipulated by the valuer. This is the reason why the comparison method is the only acceptable method for court usage. When there is little or no evidence of comparable market transactions the valuer needs to stand in the shoes of the most likely purchaser or tenant to simulate their thinking and calculations they might carry out when assessing how much to pay for the property concerned. To perform a valuation with the comparison method: The valuer needs to be fully aware of the current economic conditions * The market should be stable * There should be plenty of evidence of recent sale in similar properties * In Size * Condition * Age * Area * Type As I notice today it is very hard to find comparable market transactions simply because there are very few transactions done. But even when we do find comparable date the market is so unstable that they aren’t r eliable. The comparison method of valuation is also a basic component of each of the other methods. It plays a vital role in the Investment method. In the first stage of the investment method we need to analyze property sale transactions to establish the relationship between rental income and the capital prices recently paid by investors. So we basically use the comparable data from the comparison method to find a yield or a multiplier which expresses the relationship between rent and capital. And finally we use this yield and the rental income of a property to calculate the current value.

Sustainable development in the caribbean The WritePass Journal

Sustainable development in the caribbean Introduction Sustainable development in the caribbean Introduction  ReferenceRelated Introduction According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development sustainable development â€Å"is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (IISD, 2011). Sustainable development in the Caribbean context can be viewed by looking at both the benefits and challenges it presents to the region. Some of the benefits associated to sustainable development, are â€Å"preserves functionality and diversity of system while providing a wide range of economic benefits. Promotes the diversification of forest products, and preserves the natural services provided by forests† (Mongabay.com, 2011). The challenges of sustainable development in the Caribbean are governance; governments are unable to adequately update laws and regulation or to implement them because most of the islands lack strong community level governing institutions. Vulnerability, the small size and open economies make the countries of the Caribbean highly vulnerable to external market conditions. They depend economically on fragile natural resources while geography exposes them to natural hazards, such as climate change. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS makes the Caribbean vulnerable as well. Human resources, even though there is a high literacy rate in the Caribbean, the educational system fails to deliver the necessary skills required to compete in the global market. The human resource pool that is already available in the Caribbean reduces as highly skill individual migrate with their skills and education (Unicef.org, 2004). These are the benefits and the challenges that can be looked at when discussing sustainable development in the Caribbean context.   Reference IISD (2011).   What is Sustainable Development? Retrieved on 19 June 2011 from iisd.org/sd/ Mongabay.com (2011). Sustainable Development: Cost and Benefits. Retrieved on 21 June 2011 from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/10benefits.htm Unicef.org (2004). Sustainable Development Strategy for the Caribbean Region – 2005-2009. Retrieved on 21 June 2011 from unicef.org/lac/spbarbados/Planning/donors/USAID_Devplan.pdf

Centre And Then Compare Their Efficiency Essay -- Variable cost, Costs,

ï‚ § Market based transfer pricing – In this case Country A charges Country B according to the market price. Therefore, the manager’s performance is comparable as both have opportunity to make profit. ï‚ § Negotiated Transfer Pricing – Here the prices are negotiated, keeping profit margin for each of them. In this case they are also comparable. ï‚ § Full cost transfer pricing – In this case, the suppliers do not keep profit for their division, instead full cost is transferred to another department and the final profit is made by the last department. Thus, the profit centres are not comparable to each other. ï‚ § International transfer pricing – Since we know they trade among each other across borders also, they also need to be aware of taxation rates, currency rates, transportation costs and local suppliers in different countries in order to set prices. Here, each portfolio cannot be compared based on profit margins. c) Improves efficiency and speed of decision making: As the profit centre managers have authority to decide on their suppliers, customers, selling prices, etc, they have the opportunity to perform tasks at a faster pace and increased efficiency. d) No risk of reduced profitability: Revenue centre managers are only responsible for generating sales, and they do it at the cost of reduced profitability, but profit centre managers generate revenue making sure profits are earned. 6.2 Now let us discuss the Drawbacks of the profit centre managers: a) Unable to make capital investments: Profit centre managers are not authorized to make investment decisions; resulting in loosing opportunity to make profitable investment in specif... ... middle of paper ... ... 20 Unit variable cost of buying 7 15 20 24 (4) 1 3 4 Annual requirements (units) 3000 4000 5000 6000 So, Extra Variable Cost of Buying (12000) 4000 15000 24000 Fixed Cost of Buying 1000 2000 3000 4000 Extra total cost of buying (13000) 2000 12000 20000 Assuming that fixed cost will remain constant whether or not the company buys or makes the products, the relevant cost of manufacture will be considered the variable cost. In this circumstance, the company should only buy products if the

Free topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Free topic - Essay Example efine the way that the 20th and 21 century has developed, it is exceedingly hard to argue that any one invention has changed the way in which life exists more than that of the internet. Due to the fact that the internet allows a level of communication, and information distribution across such a wide range of topics, one can view it in an entirely different way the other tools that have thus far been listed. Regardless of the level of utilization that can be had from any range of inventions that such an study could reveal, the revolution that the internet has provided spans across nearly each and every layer of available knowledge and information that one can hope to engage with. For this reason, understanding, appreciating, and analyzing the unique ways that that internet has fundamentally reshaped our world will the point towards which this research proposal seeks to analyze. The idea of the internet has existed within minds of scientists and engineers since the dawn of the communication age; however, it was not until research from the last 1960’s that the United States government saw the benefit to such an interconnected group of robust computer networks. This was primarily born out of the fact that early computing power was so limited that it had to be maximized by utilizing a type of â€Å"piggyback† approach which allowed one server system to piggyback on another and communicate as a means to maximizing existing output. In such a way, this eagerly representation of the internet was less about person to person communication or information retrieval as it was about seeking to ameliorate a given alack within the realm of computing. Regardless of the reason, the growth and development of these network of interconnected computers soon began to expand beyond the realm of government research and soon began to see rapid growth within the field of private business and finally, with the advent of personal computers (PCs), the individual user himself/herself. As