History of HAMAS - 717 Words

HAMAS: In this article regarding HAMAS, I will be writing about their origin, beliefs, failures, successes and how the group transformed from a religious organization to a political one. The group has been fighting for their beliefs for over two decades to an extent that they have become a political organization. Based on the research on the history of HAMAS, the organization took a political dimension from a religious one when it became victorious in the 2006 democratic elections. Consequently, rather than just being a religious organization, HAMAS is considered a political power since it won 76 seats of the 132 member parliament. HAMAS, which is also known as Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya, has a history that can be traced to the 1950s though its origin goes back to 1987 when it was founded as a Muslim brotherhood in Gaza by Sheikh Ahmad. The name of the group is derived from an Arabic acronym for Islamic resistance movement that means zeal, fire, and enthusiasm (HAMAS: History an d Present, 2006). In the 1950s, HAMAS was active in the Gaza Strip where it was largely recognized and gained influence is mosques and every social organization. This continued until the 1980s when it became a powerful political factor and was later founded in 1987. HAMAS basically believes that the land they have been fighting for over the last two decades is theirs. Since its derived from a Muslim brotherhood and unwilling to recognize the right of Israel to exist, the organizationShow MoreRelatedThe History of the Terrorist Group Hamas Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesEast has brought the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the attention of the world. These terrorist groups use murder, bombs, threats, and other violent acts to get their way politically. 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Professional Value in Ethics and Islam Free Essays

BUS240: Professional Work Values in Islam Instructor: Dr. Hisham Adam Group Names: Yousef Al Khamis Khalid Al Dabbous Hamad Al Sayegh Mohammad Jamal Professional Work Values Introduction Religion plays an important role in the development of work and professional ethics the world over. All religions, Christianity, Islam, and Hindu among others all inform on work, work values and work ethics in an effort to promote harmony, togetherness, tolerance and hard work. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Value in Ethics and Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also advocate for such good practices to ensure cooperation in employer employee relations at the work place. Such religious teachings are entrenched and supported by most constitutions around the world. The Quran and its teachings play an important role in the development of a Muslim. The Quran guides the way of life, it gives insight into relations between brothers, kin, employees and their employers, the individual and the state, and the Muslim and non-Muslims. This holy book above all gives insight into life as Allah wished. Discussion The Quran gives life lessons on employees and employers. It gives teachings on values required at the work place; some of these values include trust, humility, loyalty, hard work, fairness, justice, kindness, and charity among others. Trust refers to the belief in the strength of truth coming from a person other than yourself. The workplace is akin to a second home for most people in adulthood. Relations form that either strengthen or destroy this environment. Relations built on trust have a positive impact on the work environment and result in success while relations formed with distrust merely lead to frustration and losses. Trust comes alongside truth. With truth, employees and employers have an easier time working together. The Quran puts truthfulness and honesty as some of the best traits that a professional Muslim should possess. They imply that a true Muslim should be fearful of the almighty and true through his actions and words. It goes ahead to say that faithfulness is directly related to righteousness. In addition to this, all Muslims will be judged and held accountable for their actions whilst on earth. Concerning work and business, it indicates that a good businessperson is one who is honest; hence, he is put in the same category as the prophets. Honesty supersedes respect. An honest boss is one that communicates effectively with his employees and lets them know of the goings in the company. Such an action begets an equivalent reaction from employees hence creating a cordial work relationship between them. All Muslims are supposed to be charitable. Charity here refers to spending what Allah has given an individual usually in the form of resources, monies, energy, talents and possessions for the good of other people. Charity fosters a relationship between man and other men. It also promotes a relationship with the almighty. In modern day, the most common include helping the needy through corporate social relations; avoiding hurting people and helping strangers find their way. Many companies in the world today engage in philanthropic activities, helping the needy, children, the elderly and the poor in fulfillment of their obligation as human beings to Allah. The Quran also advocates for hard work. Hard work for any Muslim is a mandatory exercise. In one of Prophet Mohammed’s quotations, he refers to hard work as an obligation. He goes ahead and explains that it is better for an individual to carry his own firewood than have a friend do it for him. Hard work is linked directly to honesty in which the Quran indicates that it is not moral for one to beg. It directs the Muslims to work and creates a belief that one would receive a better reward for working hard. It asks them to desist from deceiving others, hoarding goods and begging and instead work hard. Dignity and honor are attached to income acquired in a rightful manner whereas sources of unearned monies are revered against; such as betting and playing chance games. Forgiveness is a highly cherished trait for professional Muslims. A Muslim is bound to accept an apology from a fellow Muslim not unless such an apology has been given dishonestly by the one offering it. More often than not, relations are destroyed within the workplace. It is often best to seek forgiveness from a fellow employee than engage in constant battle. Forgiveness ensures cooperation is maintained whereas hatred brings forth inconsistency and outright bias leading to losses. Good conduct to others. This trait requires that an individual wish for the best for his Muslim brother. This is a two-way concept where an individual wishes good tidings for his friends just as he would wish to have done to him. In an employee-employer working environment, many employees do not have a desire to see their friends excel. As a result, many of them work to ensure their friends fail and are fired. Maintaining good conduct towards others ensures cooperation and in turn ensures mutual success. Organisational culture refers to the behavior of human beings as being part of an organisation as well as the meaning that they attach to different actions in that environment. Culture is a combination of several things including norms, values, symbols, beliefs and habits among other things that are shared by a people. Organisational culture is also a pattern of behavioral traits and behavior that is taught to members of an organisation to promote co-existence and harmonious living. Such cultures define the appropriate behavior for different situations and environment. An organisational culture affects the way individuals interact with each other in the organisation, how they interact with the customers and stakeholders and have a role in creating a good or bad image for the organisation. Such Muslim professional values revolve around oneness. They represent a constant need to create a good employee-employee and employee employer working relation that ultimately bring success. The Quran is particular in creating equity among individuals working together. Contemporary organisations are composed of individuals from a wide range of religious backgrounds. Professional ethics as stipulated in the Quran do not only apply to the Muslims but may be used by any other person regardless of his religious inclination. Entrenching such traits into the organisational culture will go forth to create a lasting bond (Mats 2002) among employees characterized by cooperation and trust. In addition, it will withdraw elements of doubt and foster trust among employees for the mutual benefit of the company. Conclusion The Quran gives a huge list of ethical traits that a Muslim ought to possess in his day-to-day life. These traits form the basis of any Muslim life. These traits are universal in that, people regardless of their religious inclination may use them. Their use in modern day organisations to inform on organisational culture is widely acknowledged, and appreciated. Modern day organisations are multicultural and such traits would be great to bridge this cultural gap and bring harmony to the organisation. How to cite Professional Value in Ethics and Islam, Essay examples

Toyota Motor Corporation in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Critically Analyze the Key Sustainability Aspects of the Organizations Current Supply Chain. Answer: Introduction Automobile industry is perhaps the most challenging and demanding industry. Product innovation, continuous improvement, vehicle prices and fuel prices are the major factors that determine this industry (Iyer, 2009). Over the past decade, the price of fuel has been constantly rising, which has encouraged the adoption of new and other fuel-efficient models. The world is also moving towards more development and thereby increasing per capita income, which at one point has increased the needs of the masses in terms of the product needs, yet, has also raised concerns in the terms of increasing carbon foot print. In their review, Sindi and Roy (2017) reflect that an increase in purchasing power of customers is responsible for making a shift from small to medium sized cars. Easy automobile loans are the main reason for the increase in sales of this industry. Demand is increasing day by day. Toyotas competitors are also increasing day by day and also the entry of new comers in the market is posing problems to Toyota. New entrants always come up with new and innovative products and move the industry in their favour. Consumers are becoming better informed and want to choose the best and innovative product. This puts up a lot of pressure on RD. Meanwhile the company has also enabled a strong growth model and a lean based supply chain model that has contributed towards its accentuated marketing growth and competitive supply chain framework (Palevich, 2012; Toyota, 2016). Over the years, the company has enabled a strong presence for itself in the overseas market, and the same has been evident in the context of Australia as well. However, in the recent times the company has raised concerns over the manufacturing cost and high dollar of the company which has contributed towards the challenge in the manufacturing process of the company (Mahler, 2007; Wallace and Furgusen, 2014). In these challenges, the company contemplates exist from the market much like Ford and Holden, which are affected by the issues in terms of supply chain and manufacturing beyond their control (Wallace and Furgusen, 2014). This in turn raises concerns for the countless stakeholders, employee and general public in terms of sustainability of the operations, notwithstanding the impact of this exit for the organization (Cetinkaya et al. 2011). Through the means of the present review, the state of the supply chain of the company within Australia is evaluated, and suggestions from the academic sources, and models of chain management in other countries for the company are contemplated to provide recommendations for improved stance of the company. Company Background Toyota Motor Corporation was established in 1958 in Australia. Initially, assembly of Toyota vehicles in Australia started taking place at the production plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. This production line was devoted to the Toyota Tiara. In 1978, a new production plant was established in Altona, Victoria which replaced the old one. In 1986, the first car named Toyota Coronawagon was exported and headed to New Zealand. At this time, Toyota started manufacturing locally. Till 2006, all manufacturing was shifted to Altona (Dunckley, 2014). Toyota was now ready to set a milestone in the automobile industry and launched many vehicles including theToyota Tiara, theToyota Corona, theToyota Crown, theToyota Corolla, the Toyota Camry, theToyota Avalon and theToyota Land Cruiser. In 2010, Toyota Motor Corporation decided to launch a new car to enter in the new and upcoming hybrid industry. It launched Camry Hybridin 2010 after securing a $35 million subsidy from the Federal Government. It was a great hit. Toyota Motor Corporations annual revenue started growing every year since then. The global improvement of Toyota has been evident through the emergence of the manufacturing plants of the company around the world, a representation of the same is made evident in figure 1, where the varied areas for the same are noted. Figure 1: Worldwide manufacturing operations of Toyota Source: Toyota (2006) However, even as these emergence has contributed towards the growth of the plant in the country, it has also paved challenges in the name of the management of the supply chain of the operations based on the consumer needs despite the political, legal, environmental and socio-economic climate of the region involved (Sindi and Roy, 2017; Wallace and Furgusen, 2014). Present challenges In their review, Malihi and Shee (2017) reflect that the choice of the company to operate through the model of the management and sustenance. It is concurred that the assembling was upheld long time for its introduction towards Asia-Pacific inventory network as opposed to internally market advantages and gaining consumer through aggressiveness. Typically these exchange approaches, for example, import duty cut, shares, and substance necessities took after by tax reductions for RD activities support the business to survive (Berns et al 2009). However, in the present case due to the high cost of assembling operations powered by reliable higher household interest for abroad collected little autos the challenges are suddenly more pronounced (Malihi and Shee, 2017). At present we see the surviving examination which features the automobile assembling and supply issues of the company in UK, USA, Japan, and European setting (Toyota, 2016). And it is evident that no exploration however happens in terms of a major change with respect to the import chain particularly in vehicle dispatch system in the Australian setting. Which raise a question as to what impacted the challenges in the supply chain management of the company in the region with respect to an effective 'dispatch lead time' as the restricted time (in days) accessible to first level segment providers who get parts from abroad second level providers and convey them to fitment focus (Jagler and Sarkis, 2015; Iyer, 2009). Through the means of the present analysis it is reflected that an additional difficulties of Toyota is evident in its manufacturing framework where the convenient conveyance of a high quality vehicles to the end clients has to be delivered (Iyer, 2009). This requests an adaptable generation line with MTO approach that can deliver the end product in the country to the consumers in the most limited lead time conceivable (Cetinkaya et al 2011). While, it cannot be denied that the company has succeeded in this light with respect to the JUST IN TIME approach (Toyota, 2016; Malihi and Shee, 2017). However, in these lines there is a need to increase the issues of the first level providers optimization, which seems to be missing in the present plan (The Manufacturing Performance Institute, 2011). It is further noted that while providing the parts in the nick of time to auto constructing agent, Toyota and other auto constructing agents hone JIT standard as it instils a sense of confidence in assembling with zero or negligible in-process stock, abbreviated lead time, and exceptional investment funds in conveying costs (Netland and Powell 2016; Sindi and Roy, 2017). However, considering JIT rehearses inside the auto get together and its conclusion to-end vehicles import store network, there arise a need in the operation to instil confidence in promoting examination of JIT supply along the chain and its related work weight emerging from tight lead time (Jagler and Sarkis, 2015). In the context of Toyota manufacturing framework, Jayaram et al. (2010) examine the effect of lead time on get together cycle time and conveyance execution. Through this reflection it is evident that the tight dispatch lead time with first level providers has been an issue in the Alconn plant considering their area is far from second level abroad providers (Wallace and Furgusen, 2014). It is further noted that in the first place level providers have been encountering hard time while organizing JIT supply with auto constructing agents (Golinska, 2014). Getting the supply from second level abroad providers (for the most part in Asia locale) with the 7Rs, i.e. right item, right client, right amount, right condition, opportune place, ideal time, and right cost becomes a challenging task (Jayaram et al. 2010). In this sense it is further noted that there is a need to remain an unequalled test for the entire chain and to start with level providers in particular (Bartezzaghi et al. 2016). Through the means of this investigation the researcher concentrates on the issue of lead time that is excessively deficient bringing about abnormal state of worry among the supply chain drivers in general, and first tier suppliers in particular for the company supply chain (Mahler, 2007). It is noted that even as more and more researcher have addressed the similarly of these variables in the country, still limited prior examinations have tended to this issue in a comprehensive light with consideration to the environmental analysis, to provide strategic solutions. Current SCM practices of Toyota Huge production capability: Toyota is widespread in the world. It has more than 50 manufacturing units in 27 countries and regions besides Japan. This extensive production capability helps Toyota to boost its revenues. In 2012, the company produced a total of 7,435,781 vehicles across all its manufacturing locations (Toyota, 2013). However, this extensive production puts a lot of pressure in the achievement of dead stock and it diversifies business risk too. Wide Distribution network: Toyotas geographically well distributed network enhances sales. Sales of Toyota rise every year at rate of 2%. In Australia alone, In FY2016, Toyota sold 209,610 units (Dunckley, 2014). Strong market position: Toyota has a strong market position in different geographies across the world. The company's market share for Toyota and Lexus brands, (excluding mini vehicles) in Japan was 45% and including mini vehicles was 29.4% in January 2017. This strong market helps in gaining a very strong market position all over the world (Singh et al. 2007). Strong focus on RD: Toyotas policy to develop new products and bring out latest technologies helped the company to sustain against strong competition. Advanced engineering helped its to move further many steps ahead as compared its competitors (Wright et al. 2009). With the help of its rigorous RD, it improved quality and safety of its automobiles. Toyota is also aiming to make clean cars which are environment friendly. The company performs RD at its 14 facilities worldwide (Hassan, 2012; Singh et al. 2007). Intense Competition: Toyota suffers from intense Competition worldwide. Toyota cars are losing its market because of the hybrid car competitors (Shubhashine 2012). In the context of Australia, even as the competition has decreased still challenges in the face of domestic suppliers has been increases, since as per Singh et al. (2007) poor suppliers relation and cultural challenges continues to impact the supply chain of the company in the country. Growing global automotive industry: The global automotive manufacturing industry grew by 10% in 2016 to reach a value of $1,563.9 billion (Toyota, 2016). The growth of automotive industry provides Toyota an opportunity to gain more customers and increase revenues. Current Sustainability measures Through the means of the present review it is evident that the Toyota as an organization is doing a lot of RD to successfully respond to the needs of the rising middle class in the emerging markets (Bartezzaghi et al. 2016).Through consistent commitment to quality, Toyota has emerged as the most best-selling car of 2016. Its continuous innovation to change design of its automobiles and strong outlook for the new car market has helped it to meet the consumers unique needs. Furthermore, Toyota has grown partnership with BMW in June 2012 and produced many benefits (Toyota, 2016). However, it is noted that at one point it has helped in increasing sales in most of the countries by signing a memorandum which is aimed at long-term strategic collaboration on technological fields. In addition, it has also helped both companies to boost the technological know-how and may result in the development of new clean cars thus increasing revenues in the long run (United Nations Global Compact, 2010). Cost-savings, boosting the operational margins are some other benefits of this kind of partnership (Totyota, 2016). However, it has also altered the stance of the company in terms of the competitive market and internal relations, where Toyota has started making hybrid cars with the launch of Camry hybrid alone, suggestive of the lack of consideration of the consumer perspective in the market (Bartezzaghi et al. 2016). In this sense it is evident that there is a need for the company to face challenges in the light of the first tier supplier relation through the management of the forecast heuristic which enables improvement in the operations (Jayraman et al. 2010; Hassan, 2012). Recommendations Toyota should take measures to cut down its manufacturing cost. It should try to reduce fixed costs of automobiles in its established markets. It should continue to strengthen its management platform and raise corporate value. It must improve its operation management and try to procure dead stock (Bouchery et al. 2016). It must try to enhance its business in Australia through appropriate RD. Proper RD will suffice quality and safety assurance (Berns et al. 2009). It must work to achieve a good quality of its automobiles. Hence, this would help in the increase of the sales and revenue of the company (Johnsen et al. 2015). Toyota should pursue and accelerate the process of making clean cars. Environment- friendly cars are our future (Hussain et al. 2016). Customers are more likely to buy these cars because of the high price of the fuel. Energy saving products and making use of renewable energy while incorporating functions and services demanded by customers will make Toyota to procure new heights. Toyota should consider all its business with a future perspective. It should expand its business by developing more manufacturing plants in Australia. By increasing production facilities in Australia, it will enable Toyota to generate more and more revenue. Toyota should improve its Camry hybrid model and make it more competent to other hybrid cars. This will enable it to become competitive with other hybrid car manufacturers. Toyota must try to optimize its human resource. Toyota should improve the workplace and try to use the power of diversity in the use of human resources, and strive to nurture global human resources (Johnsen et al. 2015). It should try to understand the customer and work for the customer satisfaction. Innovation according to customer is the demand of this industry. The company should enable a forecast heuristic to understand the needs of the consumers and gain an understanding of the past consumption and future trends of the consumers to reduce wastage of the products Focus on establishing dyadic relations in the organization to increase efficiency of the operations in the company. Conclusion Toyota Motor Corporation has a brilliant future overseas. However, in the face of the present challenges the company face public outrage and loss of wellness owing to the abandoning of a market and workforce leaving. It is reflected that the company needs to evaluate their supply chain model to enable a consumer oriented and supplier centric framework. Reference Bartezzaghi, E., Cagliano, R., Caniato, F., Ronchi, S. (Eds.). 2016. A journey through manufacturing and supply chain strategy research. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Berns, M., A. Townend, Z. Khayat, B. Balagopal, M. Reeves, M. Hopkins, and N. Kruschwitz. 2009. The business of sustainability. MIT Sloan Management Review. Special Report. Available at: https://www.mitsmrezine.com./busofsustainability/2009#pg1 Bouchery, Y., Corbett, T., Fransoo, C and Tan, T. 2016. Sustainable Supply Chains: A Research-Based Textbook on Operations and Strategy. Springer Cetinkaya, M., Cuthbertson, R., Ewer, G., Klaas-Wissing, T., Piotrowicz, W., Tyssen, C. 2011. Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Practical Ideas for Moving Towards Best Practice. Springer Dunckley, M 2014. Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in 2017". Port Macquarie News. Portnews.com.au. Available at: https://www.theherald.com.au/story/2078487/toyota-confirms-exit-from-australian-manufacturing-in-2017/toyota-to-leave-australia/ Hasan, M. 2012. Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices and Operational Performance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management. 3, 42-48. Available at: https://file.scirp.org/pdf/_2013011710305202.pdf Jayaram, J., Das, A., Nicolae, M. 2010. Looking beyond the obvious: Unraveling the Toyota production system. International Journal of Production Economics, 128(1), 280291. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.07.024 Jagler, A and Sarkis, J. 2015. The Theory and Practice of Sustainable Supply Chains. Journal Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal. 15:1. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16258312.2014.11517329?journalCode=tscf20 Johnsen, T, Howard, M and Miemczyk, J 2014. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: A Sustainability Perspective. Routledge Golinska, P. 2014. Logistics Operations, Supply Chain Management and Sustainability. Springer Hussain, M, Mahmood, K and Mian, A. 2016. Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Business Practice. IGI Global Mahler, D. 2007. Supply Chain Sustainability. Supply chain management review. 59-60. Available at: https://ww.atkearneypas.com/knowledge/articles/2007/SCMR.spotlight.sustainability.pdf Malihi, K and Shee, H 2017. Strategic vehicles import supply chain: a paradigm shift in Australian automotive industry. Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, 103130, 2017. Available at: https://web.usm.my/aamj/22012017/aamj22012017_5.pdf Netland, T and Powell, D. 2016. The Routledge Companion to Lean Management. Taylor Francis Palevich, R. 2012. The Lean Sustainable Supply Chain: How to Create a Green Infrastructure with Lean Technologies. FT Press Singh, P.J., Smith, A., Sohal, A.S. (2007). Strategic supply chain management issues in the automotive industry: An Australian perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 43(16), 33753399. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500095738 The Manufacturing Performance Institute. 2011. The 2011 Next Generation Manufacturing Study Results. Available at: https://mpi-group.net/services/2011NGMstudy.asp Shubhashine (2012). Toyota case study. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/subhaprasad79/toyota-case-study-ir Toyota (2017). Website. Available at: www.toyota.com.au/ Toyota (2016). Sustainability report, Available at: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=5cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwj38sD_qvnVAhVDv48KHYwhCfcQFgg_MAQurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toyota.com.au%2Ftoyota%2Fsustainability%2Fcms%2F%2Fdownload%2F2016%2Fsustainability-pdfs%2F00_TOY_Sus_Full.pdfusg=AFQjCNFrUEgr4MGNFJdj9v_u4E5x9fvL6g United Nations Global Compact. 2010. Supply Chain Sustainability, A Practical Guide for Continuous Improvement, Available at: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/Issues/supply_chain/guidance_ Wright, J., D. Jones, and S. Hoyle. 2009. The Sustainable Supply Chain, Available at: https://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/insight-sustainable-supply-chain-summary.aspx

Resource shortage paper an Example by

Resource shortage paper The island of Palawan in the Philippines is home to the last frontier of ecological study in the Philippines. Palawan may be seen clearly from a topographic map of the Philippines as a narrow archipelago comprised of 1784 islands located at the west-southwest tip of the country. Palawan is known to be the largest island in the country, with its coastline spanning 2000 km characterized by numerous coves and bays (Budomo, 2004). Palawan is rich in natural resources, boasting tropical forests and coral reefs which are home to many endangered species. It is divided into 21 municipalities, 420 small towns and one city. Need essay sample on "Resource shortage paper" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper online? Specialists recommend: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Best Essay Writing Service I Need Someone To Write My Essay For Me Write My Paper For Cheap Writing Services For purposes of this essay, the focus will be Palawans capital city, Puerto Princesa and its coastal and marine resources. The city has a total forest cover of 151405 hectares which is 60 percent of the total land area. 10000 hectares are allotted to national park reservations and 72000 hectares are allotted to agricultural purposes. A long mountain range cuts the city into two areas. Three bays surround the city as well, namely Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa Bay and the Ulugan Bay. 416 kilometers of coastline stretch the perimeter of the city while its coastal waters alone cover an area of 327568 hectares. The city has two types of climate, the dry season and the rainy season (Budomo, 2004). Since the area is a capital city, it was seen that the growing population had begun to take its toll on the resources of the city. Economic and environmental pressures as well as conflicts within the local government on use of resources were beginning to occur. Influx of migrants and the higher demand for fish and marine resources from other parts of the country were depleting the previously-mentioned resources. Studies conducted showed that mangrove and coral reefs in the region that were pristine and functional 10 years ago were now degraded and destroyed because of overexploitation. The people in the community were already experiencing problems of their own such as high dependence on dwindling coastal resources which lead to low household income, low education levels and growing populations. Further studies showed that only 19.3 percent to 50.63 percent of all total corals were alive. The degradation was attributed to cyanide fishing practices, careless dropping of anchor and use of dynamite (Budomo, 2004). This could be because of the low educational levels of the community and the lack of support from local government to educate and train local communities.Commercial fishermen were also beginning to invade the waters that were previously being fished only by the local residents. Land-based activities were also beginning to encroach on the safety of the resources, with extensivesoil erosion from upland activities finding their way into the river systems and coastal areas, contaminating the living environments of the fish and marine resources. Poor law enforcement may be attributed to this, as industrial efforts within the province increased. Continued use of destructive fishing practices by the ever-growing population was also seen as a problem that contributed to lack of fish. Water pollution and poor waste disposal (industrial and domestic waste) in the communities around the coastal and land resources also threatened the viability of the said resources. Fishery laws and natural resource laws were not being enforced properly to deter these illegal and destructive practices. The weather systems present in the region as well greatly affect the livelihood of the fishermen. During months of intense rain and storms, fishing is halted completely due to the danger it involves and the lack of environmental safety measures also cause the reefs and forests to sustain substantial damage, leading to more losses (Budomo, 2004). Most of the communities in the area depended completely on the coastal resources for livelihood, and with the numerous problems surrounding the resources, it may be seen that their survival is at stake. They turn to so-called mother boats which employ the smaller boats to fish for them and immediately buy all the catch of the latter to sell them. It had become common practice for the fishermen to borrow money in advance from these boat operators to be able to survive, which causes them to be buried in debt, so the fish they catch is not compensated anymore (Budomo, 2004). These problems show a wide range of issues that concern the natural resources in Puerto Princesa. The systematic and legal nature of the problems, along with how land and coastal resource use are interconnected because of the topography of the area call for an integrated approach in the solution. A community-based initiative and thrust on resource management is then inferred to be a possible solution to the wide range of problems. The project will use the dependency of the community on the resources at risk as an entry point. Tapping the community members potential for managing resources should be a main feature of resource management projects in the area. Since the majority of the problems in the area such as destructive fishing practices and poor law enforcement deplete coastal resources, training and education of community members is crucial. The fishermen themselves can become the enforcers of fishery law in the communities, as their livelihood depends on upholding the law to protect the resources that guarantee their survival. Also, a community-based effort will ensure the continuity of resource management as the youth of the community may be involved in the project. References Budomo, A. (2004). Puerto Princesa, Palawan. In Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Faces of the Sea: Community-based Fisheries and Coastal Resource Management (pp. 1-45). Quezon City Philippines: Fisheries Resource Management Project, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture.

War in Iraq

War in Iraq Free Online Research Papers We got into a war that had no meaning. There was no weapons of mass destruction and Husein was not a part of the threat. The real threat was with Arafat and Acadia. We chose to detour around the source of the problem causing many lives to be lost for no reason. We are dealing with people who will take any life at any cost for their religious faith. America had good intentions of helping to change a place to better the world. It was a plan no one wanted to have part of. The world viewed this war as an error. Now this country is a threat for a civil war. They need our help to provide the government we promised them. If we pull our troops out without a last strategy to deter the danger of a civil war, it will be chaos. Peace making efforts with the conflicting tribes should come into consideration. We should convince them that the government we promised will help their nation rather than have them destroy it and suffer the burden of a collapsed state of living. We must work with the people instead of inflicting our ideas of living so they can form the government they so badly need. Research Papers on War in IraqQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

Medea (video) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medea (video) - Essay Example She defies the prevalent male chauvinism by murdering Glauce and the society abhors her. Additionally, although the book clearly indicates that Medea loved her children, the video portrays her as a jealous irrational woman whose appearance scares away even her own children. This is a conscious move by the director to expose the perceived animosity of Medea. It portrays her as a brutally proud woman who is reluctant to let her opponents succeed. Although the book portrays Medea as a typical traditional woman fighting against social ills, the video portrays her as a cunning and cold schemer. It gives her the ability to see through the deceitful values and false pieties of her enemies. The video portrays Medea as loving and caring. This is evident through the actions that she did to Jason when they first met. However, one keeps on wondering whether Medea had ever experienced love before she met Jason. Although the book portrays Medea as an abnormal person, the video portrays her as a normal human being with feelings. Her heart turns into vengeance upon discovering that Jason was planning to marry another

Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Structure - Essay Example I strongly believe in this context that the use of debt and equity in a proportionate manner aids in raising capital. Thus, based on my understanding, businesses are identified to consider two important elements that include â€Å"cost of capital† and â€Å"Weighted Average Cost of Capital† (WACC) for the purpose of accomplishing their respective business targets in long term. Subsequently, by mixing debt and equity, the aforesaid two elements can be reduced as per my knowledge. I think that obtaining debt in an adequate manner as a source of capital ensures in generating low and real risks of financial distress (Grundy, n.d.). In this regard, I support the fact that the use of only debt financing or equity financing is accountable for making financial distress in long run. As per my understanding, market values play an imperative role for companies at the time of raising capital. These are important as investors invest based on firms’ value and risks associated with businesses. Subsequently, I consider that there exists a complex relationship prevailing between WACC and debt, as increased amount of debt has positive as well as negative influences on the capital structure of a company. Consequently, I conjure that WACC values increase for more returns and on the other hand, these decreases for low cost of debt as compared to equity. In this regard, from the viewpoints of Modigliani & Miller, I understood that the market value of companies is not based on their respective capital structure totally but is also dependent on other factors (Grundy, n.d.). I strongly believed that gearing is a procedure of ascertaining capital structure of a company based on the relationship persisting between equity and debt. Thus, movements of WACC and share price impose significant impact on shareholders’ wealth. In this regard, the best example of understanding different aspects of debt and equity

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Example for Free

The Fragmented Authoritarianism of the Chinese State Essay Asoke Kumar Mehera ([emailprotected] com) (Ex-Teacher of La Mart College of Technology, Sydney) In post-reform period, Chinese state is creating and sponsoring NGOs in order to transfer to them certain functions that it used to perform itself under the command system of the socialist era. NGOs in reform-era China represent both challenge and continuity in state-society relations. It is easy to observe the semi-official nature of some NGOs and the state’s tight formal control of the sector demonstrates the evidence of continuity. The officially organized NGOs are comprehensively dependent on the state agencies that created them and behave more like subordinate units of the agencies than independent entities. Actually, Private entrepreneurs are depended on official patronage for access to bureaucratically allocated resources, political protection and socio-political legitimacy. On the other hand, It is also easy to notice a change in the predominantly popular culture of the other NGOs and a certain degree of autonomy (regarding marginalised interests like HIV, same-sex relationships etc. ). There are genuinely bottom up NGOs that set their own agenda and seek to influence government policies and try to bring important issues to public attention. The arbitrary use of administrative power by the state agents, bureaucratic control over the resources, constant fluctuation in government policies and an ineffective legal system, have all contributed to an uncertain environment for NGOs in China. Many popular NGOs have engaged in entrepreneurial activities with their contacts in the government. The state’s failure to discipline the agents and bureaucrats; whose protection and complicity enable NGOs to evade supervision and engage in inappropriate activities to generate finance. Actually, a vast majority of NGOs are interested mainly in finding ways to exploit state-controlled resources for their own benefit, rather than playing the political role conventionally ascribed to civil society. There are various ways for NGOs to advance their interests, such as forging patron-client ties with officials, operating through networks of personal relations that cut cross the state-society divide or providing political support to the state in exchange for its sponsorship. The self-serving entrepreneurialism of the NGOs (sometimes as part of sponsoring agencies) has apparently been a fairly common problem. Although scholars are still debating about the nature of the Chinese state entrepreneurialism and corporatist state control over NGOs in post-reform era; but the nature of state- civil society interaction can be summarized as â€Å"dependent autonomy†. As per â€Å"fragmented authoritarianism†, the state has retained its dominant role in socio-economic sphere and the authority below the very peak of the system has become more fragmented and disjointed as a result of economic reform. A research on the NGOs carried out in 2000 shows that popular NGOs active in the field of women’s rights, tries to hide the cases from mass media because it would directly criticize the local authorities and police, whose goodwill is important for their existence. Many NGOs consider their relationship with government agencies and officials as the most important of all their relationships. Many officially organized NGOs at local levels are simply tools for local government agencies to create agency slush funds. Various qualitative and quantitative studies of China’s political culture have identified a number of features that are not conducive to collective action and civil society activism. These include elitism, fatalism, and lack of cooperative spirit and group solidarity. Individual NGOs need to pool their resources and join hands with other likeminded people and organizations to challenge government policies which prioritize economic growth over environmental protection. It is not unjust to apply â€Å"macro† political theories such as civil society and corporatism for explaining the actual behaviour of NGOs. Actually, we need to relate NGO studies to such issues as state capacity, political culture, and the evolving state-society relations in China. The growth of autonomous NGOs in China will not necessarily result in the development of a thriving civil society, which needs a competent state structure and impartial legal system. The unethical alliance between local officials and entrepreneurs is basically for the mutual benefit and above all, at the expense of the policies of the central state and the interests of other social groups. Public interest has not been served properly as the state lacks the capacity to enforce rules within the welfare sector largely comprised by NGOs. Actually, the state apathy to civil welfare is depicted by the fact when the central government orders all state agencies to de-link themselves from the economic entities. It is not a good foundation for a healthy civil society. Dependent autonomy is not a type of state- society relations that favours the interest of the state (Yiyi Lu, 2012).

Essay --

Review of â€Å"Prediction Models for Annual Hurricane Counts† ELserner, J. (2006). Prediction Models for Annual US Hurricane Counts. American Meteorological Society, 2935-3951. HURRICANES This paper provides a Bayesian approach towards developing a prediction model for the occurrence of coastal hurricane activity based on historic hurricane data from 1851 to 2004 from US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A hurricane is defined as a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained (1min) 10-m winds of 65kt (33 m s-1) or greater. [1]A Hurricane landfall occurs when a storm passes over land after originating in water. A hurricane can make more than one landfall. A landfall may occur even when the exact centre of low pressure remains offshore(eye) as the eyewall of the hurricane extends a radial distance of 50km. The literature review in the paper suggests a significant effect of El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) on the frequency of hurricanes forming over topics and a less significant effect over sub tropics. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also plays an important role in altering hurricane activity (Elsner 2003; Elsner et al. 2001; Jagger et al. 2001; Mur nane et al 2000) has been stated. The hurricane observations considered in the model fulfills the following criteria 1 The storm hits the US continent atleast once at hurricane intensity. 2 The storm is recorded in the US continent only except Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands The discrepancy associated with the available data of hurricanes is about the certainty of the records for before 1899 ie the hurricane record from 1851-1898 are less certain than records available after 1899. The challenge here is to achieve such a model that gives accurate predictions even if t... ...June. Therefore the partial season count excludes hurricanes of May (1 occurred) and June (19 occurred) from the total of 274 hurricanes from 1851 to 2004. A total of 20% data is eliminated from 274 hurricanes. MODEL FOR ANNUAL HURRICANE COUNT POISSON REGRESSION MODEL h≈ Poisson (lamdai ) lamdai =exp(ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ²) Ln(lamdai)= ÃŽ ²o+ X`i ÃŽ ² ÃŽ ²o and ÃŽ ² define a specific model and are calculated on Bayesian approach. The model assumes the parameters (intercept and coefficient) to have a distribution and that inference is made by computing the posterior probability density of the parameter conditioned on the observed data. The Bayesian approach combines Prior belief [ f(ÃŽ ²) ] and most frequent likelihood to give the posterior Density: f(ÃŽ ²|h) proportional f(h/ ÃŽ ²).f(ÃŽ ²) The posterior density talks about the belief of parameter values after considering the observed counts.

The environmental management

Environmental Management is a really of import constituent of sustainable life. The interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature of Environmental Management enables it to work out the complex environmental jobs ( pollution, eroding, implosion therapy, deforestation, desertification, merely to call but a few ) that basically qualify our landscape at the local regional and planetary graduated table. To better understand these jobs, the subject draws on a wealth of expertness in both constructs and attacks from the natural or physical and societal scientific disciplines to develop this interdisciplinary. This essay seeks to research the nature of environmental direction and in peculiar, attending is drawn on the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity of environmental direction. The environmental jobs we face today are many and varied. From pollution, eroding, implosion therapy, deforestation, desertification, to climate change- all present themselves in really practical footings and as such environmental direction is more of import than of all time before. However, the field has been the topic of broad unfavorable judgment. For case Bryant and Wilson ( 1998 ) criticized the field as a consequence of the restrictions in the apprehension of root causes-political, economic or cultural issues. There is no by and large acceptable definition of the capable environmental direction. This is partially due to its ‘ wide range and in portion of the diverseness of specialism ( Barrow, 1999 ) . However, efforts have been made by several writers to specify environmental direction. For illustration, Riordan ( 1995 ) ; Barrow ( 1999 ) ; Wilson and Bryant ( 1997 ) ; Bryant and Geoff ( 2009 ) , have all made significant attempt to specify Environmental Management. Environmental direction has been defined as both a procedure and a field of survey ( Wilson and Bryant 1997 ) . In his book, Barrow ( 1999 p. 5 ) presented an overview of some definitions of Environmental Management. Like Environmental Management, definitions and readings of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity abound in literature. For case, Klein, 2004 ; Tress and Tress, 2001 ; Tress et al. , 2005 ; Jones and Macdonald, 2007 ; Evans and Randalls, 2008 ; and Wesselink, 2009. In its simplest sense interdisciplinar ity is an integrative research attack that transects many disciplinary boundaries with a common end and the purpose of production of new cognition and theory ( Tress et al. , 2005 ) . As a procedure, Environmental Management, harmonizing to ( Wilson and Bryant, 1997 p.7 ) can be defined ‘ â€Å"as a multi-layered procedure associated with the interaction of province and non-state environmental directors with the environment and with each other. Environmental Directors are those whose support is chiefly dependent on the application of accomplishment in the active and self witting, direct or indirect, use of the environment with the purpose of heightening predictability in a context of societal and environmental uncertainness†¦ . † While the term ‘state ‘ will include province functionaries such as Department of the Environment, DoE, and Department of Environment Food and Rural Agriculture, DEFRA, merely to call a few, ‘non-state ‘ , on the other manus includes environmental NGOs, husbandmans, multinational corporations ( TNCs ) , hunter-gatherers. In this visible radiation, environmental direction is a procedure non sole merely to big national and international environmental histrions but inclusive to a scope of preponderantly local degree environmental histrions ( Wilson and Bryant, 1997 ) . On the other manus, Environmental direction, as a field of survey, evolved with the turning concern about environmental debasement in the late sixtiess and early 1970 ( Bryant and Geoff, 2009 ; Wilson and Bryant, 1997 ) after station industrialisation. Harmonizing to Barrow ( 2006: 24-26 ) Environmental Management as a field can be subdivided into the followers: â€Å"sustainable development issues ; environmental appraisal, patterning, prediction and hindcasting ; corporate environmental direction ; pollution acknowledgment and control ; environmental economic sciences ; environmental enforcement and statute law ; environment and development establishments and moralss ; environmental direction systems and quality issues ; environmental planning and direction ; appraisal of stakeholders involved in environmental direction ; environmental perceptual experiences and instruction ; community engagement for environmental management/sustainability ; establishment edifice for environmental management/sustainable development ; biodiversity preservation ; natural resources direction ; environmental rehabilitation/restoration ; environmental political relations ; environmental assistance and establishment building† . While the list is non thorough, partially because Environmental Management is comparatively a nascent subject ( Barrow, 2006 ) and is still germinating, its wide range is readily appreciated at a glimpse, as it tends to techno-centric job work outing attack instead than reactive attack. Table 1 high spots some separating characteristics of traditional environmental direction as it were during its early development and at present. Mentioning to interdisciplinarity, the interdisciplinary nature of environmental direction is more than merely integrating. It is basically a modern manner of believing that involves designation, definition every bit good as reading of surveies with the position of proffering practical oriented solutions to environmental jobs ( O'Riordan, 1995 ) . Again, Transdisciplinary surveies harmonizing to Tress et Al. ( 2005 ) involves the integrating of both academic and non-academic participant ( stakeholders ) to research a common end with the creative activity of new cognition and theory. It is expressed from the definitions above that interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are both integrative, in that new cognition and theory is created. However, a distinguishing component is that ‘transdisciplinary research combines interdisciplinarity with a participatory attack ( Tress et al. , 2005 ) Traditional Environmental Management Modern Environmental ManagementLargely ‘top-down attack ‘ ‘Bottom-up ‘ attackManagement was autocratic participatory and much more integrativeShort term program Long term program and hence sustainableExploitational in attack Emphasizes stewardship instead than development.Tends to be reactive Tends to be proactive and participatoryDisciplinary, at best multidisciplinary Interdisciplinary, or even holistic in attackState centric Non province factors involved in the procedure of EMInfluence of natural scientific discipline subject Shift from the natural scientific discipline to societal scientific disciplineBraid and Tress ( 2001 ) introduced a transdisciplinary landscape construct. The transdisciplinary landscape construct, harmonizing to Tress and Tress ( 2001 ) is based on five dimensions: the spacial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the link of nature and civilization, and the systemic belongingss of lan dscape. The significance of coaction in interdisciplinary and trandisciplinary research in the apprehension of human-environment interaction can non be overemphasized. Although environmental direction takes its root from the natural scientific discipline, nevertheless at that place seems to be a displacement from the natural scientific discipline to societal scientific discipline ( Bryant and Wilson, 1998 ) . Figure 1 as shown in the appendix depicts the profound influence from the societal scientific disciplines and once more, in the words of Wilsons and Bryant ( 1997, p 17 ) ‘Environmental Management operates at the intersection of a scope of subjects and subdisciplines ‘ . From the foregoing, It is obvious that Environmental Management is progressively going interdisciplinary and using a great trade of transdisciplinarity attacks. For illustration, Wesselink ( 2008 ) and Potschin and Haines-Young ( 2005 ) have emphasized the importance of using transdisciplinarity in their surveies of land usage planning and landscape ecology respectively.. While the environmental jobs we face today are many and varied both in range and complexness, no one subject can efficaciously supply the cognition adequate plenty to to the full understand nor work out them ( Tress and Tress, 2001 ) . Modern attacks of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity in Environmental Management can be a Panacea of all local to planetary environmental ailments. This notwithstanding, more powerful and robust tools are needed for covering with the jobs of scaling and uncertainness which are important in the human-environment interaction at all graduated table. It is the place of this essay, hence, that while the hunt for a strong and robust tools continues in order to extenuate, control and prevent environmental jobs, active audience and coaction with local communities is a necessary ingredient for sustainable solution.MentionsBarrow, C. J 1999. Environmental Management: Principles and Practice. Routledge, London.Barrow, C. J. 2006. Environmental Management f or Sustainable Development. 2nd edition. Routledge, London.Bryant R.L and Wilson G.A 1998. Rethinking Environmental Management. Advancement in Human Geography 22 ( 3 ) pp 321-343Evans, J. and Randalls, S. 2008 Geography and Paratactical Interdisciplinarity: Positions from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme. Geoforum 39 pp 581-592Jones, P. and Macdonald, N. 2007. Geting it incorrect first clip: edifice on interdisciplinary research relationship. Area 39 ( 4 ) pp 490-498.O'Riordan, T. erectile dysfunction 1995 Environmental Science for Environmental Management Longman Scientific & A ; Technical, England.Potschin, M and Haines-Young, R. 2006. †Rio+10 † , Sustainability Science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and urban planning. 75, 162-74.Phillipson, J. and Lowe, P. 2009 Barriers to Research Collaboration across subjects: scientific paradigms and institutional patterns. Environment and Planing 41, pp 1171-1184Klein, J. T. 2004 Prospects for Transdisciplinarity. Future s 36 pp 515-526Braid, B and Tress, G 2001 Capitalising on Multiplicity: A Transdisciplinary Systems Approach to Landscape Research. Landscape and Urban Planning 57, pp 143-157Braid, B. , Tress, G. , Fry, G. and Opdam, P. 2005 explosive detection systems. From Landscape Research to Landscape Planning: Aspects of Integration, Education and Application. Springer, Netherland.Wesselink, A 2009. The Emergence of interdisciplinary Knowledge in Problem-focussed Research. Area 41 ( 4 ) pp. 404-413.Wilson, G. A and Bryant, R.L 1997. Environmental Management: New Directions fot the Twenty-First Century.UCL, London

It Has Been Said That the Comparison Method of Valuation Is the Best Method. Do You Agree with This Statement?

It has been said that the Comparison Method of Valuation is the best method. Do you agree with this statement? It has been said that the Comparison Method of Valuation is the best method. I personally agree to this statement but I believe there is no perfect valuation method. All methods have advantages and disadvantages. Valuers always prefer to use the comparative method for assessing market value or market rent, because it links directly to evidence of current market transactions. The other methods: profits, residual, contractors and investment are used when the comparative method cannot be used with full confidence. The comparison method is used to value the main types of property for example houses shops offices and standard warehouses and factories. These are regularly sold or let in the market giving plenty of evidence to support an assessment of rental value or market value of similar properties. The comparison method can be used to calculate the market value of the property and the rental as well; all other methods can provide results for one or the other. So this method is mainly used because it provides solid evidence of the property’s value. All other methods can be manipulated by the valuer. This is the reason why the comparison method is the only acceptable method for court usage. When there is little or no evidence of comparable market transactions the valuer needs to stand in the shoes of the most likely purchaser or tenant to simulate their thinking and calculations they might carry out when assessing how much to pay for the property concerned. To perform a valuation with the comparison method: The valuer needs to be fully aware of the current economic conditions * The market should be stable * There should be plenty of evidence of recent sale in similar properties * In Size * Condition * Age * Area * Type As I notice today it is very hard to find comparable market transactions simply because there are very few transactions done. But even when we do find comparable date the market is so unstable that they aren’t r eliable. The comparison method of valuation is also a basic component of each of the other methods. It plays a vital role in the Investment method. In the first stage of the investment method we need to analyze property sale transactions to establish the relationship between rental income and the capital prices recently paid by investors. So we basically use the comparable data from the comparison method to find a yield or a multiplier which expresses the relationship between rent and capital. And finally we use this yield and the rental income of a property to calculate the current value.

Sustainable development in the caribbean The WritePass Journal

Sustainable development in the caribbean Introduction Sustainable development in the caribbean Introduction  ReferenceRelated Introduction According to the International Institute for Sustainable Development sustainable development â€Å"is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (IISD, 2011). Sustainable development in the Caribbean context can be viewed by looking at both the benefits and challenges it presents to the region. Some of the benefits associated to sustainable development, are â€Å"preserves functionality and diversity of system while providing a wide range of economic benefits. Promotes the diversification of forest products, and preserves the natural services provided by forests† (Mongabay.com, 2011). The challenges of sustainable development in the Caribbean are governance; governments are unable to adequately update laws and regulation or to implement them because most of the islands lack strong community level governing institutions. Vulnerability, the small size and open economies make the countries of the Caribbean highly vulnerable to external market conditions. They depend economically on fragile natural resources while geography exposes them to natural hazards, such as climate change. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS makes the Caribbean vulnerable as well. Human resources, even though there is a high literacy rate in the Caribbean, the educational system fails to deliver the necessary skills required to compete in the global market. The human resource pool that is already available in the Caribbean reduces as highly skill individual migrate with their skills and education (Unicef.org, 2004). These are the benefits and the challenges that can be looked at when discussing sustainable development in the Caribbean context.   Reference IISD (2011).   What is Sustainable Development? Retrieved on 19 June 2011 from iisd.org/sd/ Mongabay.com (2011). Sustainable Development: Cost and Benefits. Retrieved on 21 June 2011 from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/10benefits.htm Unicef.org (2004). Sustainable Development Strategy for the Caribbean Region – 2005-2009. Retrieved on 21 June 2011 from unicef.org/lac/spbarbados/Planning/donors/USAID_Devplan.pdf

Centre And Then Compare Their Efficiency Essay -- Variable cost, Costs,

ï‚ § Market based transfer pricing – In this case Country A charges Country B according to the market price. Therefore, the manager’s performance is comparable as both have opportunity to make profit. ï‚ § Negotiated Transfer Pricing – Here the prices are negotiated, keeping profit margin for each of them. In this case they are also comparable. ï‚ § Full cost transfer pricing – In this case, the suppliers do not keep profit for their division, instead full cost is transferred to another department and the final profit is made by the last department. Thus, the profit centres are not comparable to each other. ï‚ § International transfer pricing – Since we know they trade among each other across borders also, they also need to be aware of taxation rates, currency rates, transportation costs and local suppliers in different countries in order to set prices. Here, each portfolio cannot be compared based on profit margins. c) Improves efficiency and speed of decision making: As the profit centre managers have authority to decide on their suppliers, customers, selling prices, etc, they have the opportunity to perform tasks at a faster pace and increased efficiency. d) No risk of reduced profitability: Revenue centre managers are only responsible for generating sales, and they do it at the cost of reduced profitability, but profit centre managers generate revenue making sure profits are earned. 6.2 Now let us discuss the Drawbacks of the profit centre managers: a) Unable to make capital investments: Profit centre managers are not authorized to make investment decisions; resulting in loosing opportunity to make profitable investment in specif... ... middle of paper ... ... 20 Unit variable cost of buying 7 15 20 24 (4) 1 3 4 Annual requirements (units) 3000 4000 5000 6000 So, Extra Variable Cost of Buying (12000) 4000 15000 24000 Fixed Cost of Buying 1000 2000 3000 4000 Extra total cost of buying (13000) 2000 12000 20000 Assuming that fixed cost will remain constant whether or not the company buys or makes the products, the relevant cost of manufacture will be considered the variable cost. In this circumstance, the company should only buy products if the

Free topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Free topic - Essay Example efine the way that the 20th and 21 century has developed, it is exceedingly hard to argue that any one invention has changed the way in which life exists more than that of the internet. Due to the fact that the internet allows a level of communication, and information distribution across such a wide range of topics, one can view it in an entirely different way the other tools that have thus far been listed. Regardless of the level of utilization that can be had from any range of inventions that such an study could reveal, the revolution that the internet has provided spans across nearly each and every layer of available knowledge and information that one can hope to engage with. For this reason, understanding, appreciating, and analyzing the unique ways that that internet has fundamentally reshaped our world will the point towards which this research proposal seeks to analyze. The idea of the internet has existed within minds of scientists and engineers since the dawn of the communication age; however, it was not until research from the last 1960’s that the United States government saw the benefit to such an interconnected group of robust computer networks. This was primarily born out of the fact that early computing power was so limited that it had to be maximized by utilizing a type of â€Å"piggyback† approach which allowed one server system to piggyback on another and communicate as a means to maximizing existing output. In such a way, this eagerly representation of the internet was less about person to person communication or information retrieval as it was about seeking to ameliorate a given alack within the realm of computing. Regardless of the reason, the growth and development of these network of interconnected computers soon began to expand beyond the realm of government research and soon began to see rapid growth within the field of private business and finally, with the advent of personal computers (PCs), the individual user himself/herself. As

Research Methodology and Research Design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Methodology and Design - Research Paper Example Much of the interest in organizational culture can be sourced to studies in early 1980s which claim that the astute management of organizational culture is associated with improved performance (Deal, 1982) (Peter, 1982). Furthermore, managers and academics have recommended that organizational culture should be considered during periods of change such as mergers and acquisitions, growth or downsizing phases in an organizational life-cycle, and periods of conflict or diversification (Schwartz, 1981) Despite a range of thoroughly interesting empirical studies on organizational culture, the systematic evaluation of the relationship between organizational culture and conflict resolution methods is comparatively uncommon and deserves further research. While on the one hand authors have always devoted special attention to the study of organizational culture, on the other hand they have faced difficulty in studying organizational culture and in establishing a standard method for its study. ... ture of organizational culture that makes it particularly difficult to access; thirdly, the political issues involved, for example with power groups having various self-interests in maintaining or changing the culture; and finally, the possible existence of multiple subcultures. Therefore, the organizational culture is characterized by a diversity of research methods and it would not be an exaggeration to experiment with a new methodology to study organizational culture. Hence, the aim of this paper is to document a creative framework for the research by analyzing the theoretical context in which the present research lies and by critically analyzing the methods, techniques, tools and instruments to be used for the study. THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Renowned authors on organizational culture, Fox and Tan (Langan-Fox & Tan, 1997) have set out a methodology to measure organizational culture by implementing a repertory grid technique. Their study assumes the view point that an objective study offers rigor of research, in its suitability for theoretical testing, in developing universal statements, and in facilitating intra- and inter-unit comparisons. They have set out to test the theory based on past research evidence and hypothesis. Setting out my study on a similar paradigm as laid by Fox and Tan, the hypothesis for this study can be stated as: organizational culture will affect the conflict resolution methods used within the ministry of education in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The organizational culture is an independent variable (IV) and conflict resolution method is a dependent variable (DV). According to this, the aim for the study is to determine the relationship between organizational culture and conflict resolution methods used in Saudi institutions of education. The study

Corporate Social and Environmental Accouting Report Research Paper

Corporate Social and Environmental Accouting Report - Research Paper Example This research paper therefore seeks to elucidate the social accounting measures put into place by ANZ Bank in Australia and Citibank in the United States. In its basic connotation, social accounting refers to the process of relaying the information regarding the economic effect of the social and environmental activities of the organization. This is analyzed in the context of particular interest groups and social units within the society. The essence of social accounting is normally the concept of corporate accountability. According to Crowther (2000), social accounting is an approach used in reporting the activities of an organization in a manner that stresses the importance of socially relevant behavior while also stressing the fact that a firm should always be accountable for its social performance. In this regard, very appropriate reporting techniques become imperative as measures of the social responsiveness of the organization. It is imperative to realize that banks constitute t he largest players in the Australian Stock Exchange (ASE). Over 18 percent of the listed companies in the ASE are mostly banks while other financial institutions make up a larger portion of the top 20 companies listed on the exchange. This powerful presence presents the need for the banks to be socially accountable for their operations in the industry and society at large. Literature Review Despite the concept of Corporate Social Reporting being a topical aspect for more than two decades now, much analysis of the subject has always revolved around comparisons between the different CSR practices exhibited by different organizations across the world (Adams, 2004). In this regard, it is realized that differences in culture and national values normally account for differences exhibited in accounting practices between countries. Much literature existing on the topic basically focuses on the social disclosures of mainly firms from industrialized economies with little focus on the developi ng or recently industrialized economies (Hilmi, 2008). The idea behind social accounting presents much challenge to the concepts of conventional accounting regarding the limited image often portrayed as existing between organization and the society at large. As a normative concept, social accounting presents a more elucidative approach to the whole idea about social accountability in the sense that organizations should always extend their social accountability beyond mere economic events (Anderson, 2005). Social accounting advances the view that corporate responsibility should not simply be addressed in financial terms like it is often the case. Conventional practice has always dictated that society is the only recipient of the social responsiveness of organizations. However, in the modern setup, the stakeholders in this regard extend beyond the society and include entirely all the participants in the social world. In a way, it appears that social accounting seems to expose the emer ging tension between the realization of economic profits and the pursuit of environmental and social objectives. The idea behind social accounting is often geared toward two purposes, i.e. accountability purposes and management control. As a demonstration of accountability on the part of the organization, social accounting

Building Relationships when Working with Children

Building Relationships when Working with Children Neringa Bagdonaite CONTENT PAGE ASSESSMENT: BUILDING POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS TASK Summarise the current legal requirements for those working with children. This should include references to the 6 learning goals and how they could be implemented in a child care setting. Page 2 Explain what is meant by respecting and valuing individuality, and devise a plan of how this can be implement in the child care setting. A table format may be used for this task. Page 4 Evaluate the benefits of consistency with regard to positive and negative behaviour, and identify strategies that can be used to encourage positive behaviour in the child care setting. Page 6 Describe the process involved in managing conflict between children and adults. You should refer to at least one behavioural theorist in your answer. Page 8 Answer to task 1) The Childcare Act was introduced on 11 July 2006. The act requires specific powers and duties of local authorities in England. These duties are: Provide adequate information for parents. To improve the outcomes of children aged 0-5 Provide information and training for childcare providers. Local authorities must work with NHS and Job centre partners to improve the outcomes of all children up to 5. The Children Act 2004 sets a duty to make certain that every child would have the support they need to: be healthy stay safe enjoy and achieve and make a positive contribution to society achieve economic well-being. The Act has certain requirements that childcare providers will need to meet: welfare, learning, development. The requirements are set down in the Ofsted publication â€Å"Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage†. (Ref 1) Childcare providers must guide the development of children’s capabilities with a view to ensuring that children in their care complete the EYFS ready to benefit fully from the opportunities ahead of them. https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/EYFS%20Statutory%20Framework%20March%202012.pdf accessed 26/05/12 The Early years Foundation Stage learning and development requirements comprise: The assessment schedule must be arranged for children to establish their achievements. the early learning goals, such as the knowledge, skills and understanding. The educational programmes. These are the learning goals: Communication, language and literacy. Children are extending thier vocabulary, learning to speak correctly using words to construct sentence, learning to write and read accurately. Children must be given access to range of books, poems, and other written materials. Child care providers must give encouragement to children to use their skills in varios situations. It helps develop confidence. Physical development. Children must be involved in activities that develop their co-ordination, control and movement, and understand factors which lead into healthy lifestyle. Children must be supported in using all their senses to learn about the world. Personal, social and emotional development. These goals are helping children develop a positive sense of themselves and others, positive relationship, respect others, manage their feelings and understand appropriate behaviour and positive disposition to learn. Childcare providers should help children to know themselves and what they can do. Mathematics. Children should develop and improve their skills in counting, understanding and using numbers from 1-9, calculating simple addition and to describe shapes, spaces, and measures. Knowledge and Understanding the world. Children will develop the knowledge; skills and understanding that will help them make sense of the world. They will learn of people, plants, and environment. Creative development. Children are involved in dancing, music, art, play. It provides opportunities to share their thoughts and feelings. (Ref 2) Answer to task 2) The child has to know that they have values and should treasure them. Parent and childcare providers must start teaching children about respect and valuing individuality from early age. Children like to observe adults and see them as an example the way they deal in certain situation. Childcare providers and parents should show children that they respect individuality, feelings, views, ideas and culture. We have different cultural backgrounds and it is important to teach children how to celebrate them. (Ref 3) Indoor and outdoor playtime, individual and group learning encourage children to respect themselves and others. Children will naturally respect those who use their influence in encouraging ways, helping them to learn and grow in safe surroundings. Children who feel valued growing up confident, it helps them to achieve goals in their lives. Good way for children to respect each other to use reward system. Respecting and valuing individuality plan Friendship Friendship is an important part of child development from birth. Friendship is a source of fun. Children give and receive practical help and emotional support. Understanding feeling Children experiencing wide range of feeling and learning to understand them with help from adults. Every child is valued and differences are appreciated, everyone feels included and understood. Communication A welcoming atmosphere creates effective communication. Effective communication flows information and knowledge. All communication is important (gesture, signs and body language). Posters and pictures are helping children and families recognise that they are valued. Learning Children have a lot to learn from adults. It is important to review child’s progress regularly and contribute with their learning. Effective practice Encourage children to use greetings. All children receive a friendly welcome. Display list of the words that are used at home in their language. Positive interaction Building respectful and caring relationship with children. Respond appropriately to encourage curiosity in learning. Discover what children like to do. Effective teaching Help children to learn as a result they make connections in learning. Support and extend each child’s learning. Provide children with challenges. Teach them not to fear failure and be confident. Listening to children Young children and babies with speech delays communicate in other ways. Children need time to respond, childcare provider must encourage their thinking. Reflecting on practice To show children that childcare provider is pleased to see them every day. Get to know children and build positive relationship. Secure attachment Childcare provider helps children become familiar with setting and make them feel secure. When children feel happy they are confident and like to explore new things. Independence When children depend on adults for reassurance and comfort they become independent. Children are less independent in new situations, they can be unwell and anxious. (Ref4) Answer to task 3) Positive child behaviour can be promoted by using certain plan. It will teach what good behaviour is and how to reach it. Positive behaviour can be achieved working together with children and maintaining sensible expectations. Children behave differently depending on their age and surroundings. Childcare provider and parents must teach children that for negative behaviour there is negative consequence. Some forms of behaviour are acceptable while others are not. Learning to manage behaviour can be as easy as A B C Antecedent – what happens before the behaviour occurs. Behaviour – resulting behaviour is either acceptable or unacceptable. Consequence – results of behaviour can be positive or negative. http://www.newchildcare.co.uk/page6.html accessed 18/07/12 Using positive and negative reinforcement are two ways to help children to identify good behavior and understand what is appropriate in certain situations. Any type of reward increasing childs positive behaviour. Rewards tempt child to do their task more regularly and on time. There are some strategies that can be used: Children should experience the logical consequences and actions. Children need guidance to understand positive behaviour. Teach children the concept of self-control. Rules and the reasons should be explained. Some behaviour should be ignored. Children should be congratulated for good behaviour. Teaching children new skill and behaviour. Children must learn that they will not achieve things by being selfish, destructive and angry. (Ref5) Negative behaviour is one of the worst things that parent and childcare provider can experience. Childs negative behaviour can’t be ignored, because sometimes it can cause unwanted trouble. One type of the negative behaviour is aggression. Child can be angry, sometimes yell, refuse to listen and can be driven by his own thoughts. Other type of negative behaviour is passiveness. Children remain silent and ignorant in all situations and don’t show any effort to respond. Usually children behave like this when they have something to hide from adults. It is important to understand the cause of the problem and explain why something is wrong. Children should understand that to repeat the same behaviour is wrong. Children should understand what means â€Å"no†. Every day routine can help improve positive behaviour. For example: teaching good manners when having meals, gathering everyone to the table and have food, being polite, teaching good hygiene habits. Every parent and childcare providers main goal should be to teach children how to develop self-discipline, responsibility and humanity for others. Childcare provider can make behaviour plan: Make a list of desirable behaviour that children need to learn. Make a list of undesirable behaviour that child may demonstrate. Make a list of privileges that child can earn reward. Answer to task 4) Conflict can occur between children or children and adults every day and most adults and children experience stress. †The parent-child relationship is one of the longest lasting social ties human beings establish, said Kira Birditt, lead author of the study and a researcher at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/149047.php accessed Parents and childcare providers are facing many challenges when raising children. It is very important that children would grow happy, safe and would be able to deal with the conflicts in non-violent ways. Solving the conflict can help child develop emotionally. Usually conflicts are seen as negative behaviour. Childcare providers and parents should teach children to manage conflicts and if it’s possible to stay neutral. Sometimes when conflict arise childcare provider and parent can listen and offer support. (Ref 6) Children have different personalities and temperament and when facing the conflict have varying reactions: Some children become angry when it comes to disagreement. It is important to help manage aggression. Some children can be bossy. Some children back down then it comes to the conflict, because they don’t want to upset anyone. It is important to help them to learn to speak up. Learning principles Many researches are carried out regarding conflicts. They believe that conflicts help develop major life skills. Theorist Piaget believed that conflict in children was healthy, and if worked through, would help children to overcome their egocentric thought patterns (Arsenio Cooperman, 1996). Erikson believed that life was full of conflict and in order to become a better person, one must resolve the conflict in each stage of life (Trawick-Smith, 2003). Vygotsky saw conflict as a learning experience. He believed that children, if in their zone of proximal development, would learn from the conflict and adult models to function better in social contexts. Looking at the beliefs of all of these well known theorists, one gets the feeling that conflict is a positive, healthy part of a child’s life. http://www.kon.org/urc/dennis.html accessed Researches show a difference between boys and girls and that they have different type of conflicts. It states that young children are more likely to have conflicts than older and that girls react to words while boys react with actions. There are some causes of conflict: Young children have difficulty sharing their things. Lack of communication skills When children are tired Attention seeking children Cultural differences Opinions are not matching Competitiveness Jealousy Punishment is not good way to deal with conflict. It can be painful and create fear and not change child’s behaviour. Adults need to be positive example for their children in handling conflict, smooth the progress of the conflict between children and interfere when children conflict becomes violent. Reference Ref1 http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/earlylearningandchildcare/delivery/a0071032/childcare-act-2006 accessed Ref 2 https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/EYFS%20Statutory%20Framework%20March%202012.pdf accessed Ref3 http://www.ccldnvq3.com/ccld-301/k3d174-the-importance-of-children-valuing-and-respecting-others-individuality accessed Ref4 http://www.leics.gov.uk/eyfs_quality_review.pdf accessed Ref5 http://www.kidsbehaviour.co.uk/using-positive-negative-reinforcement-promote-good-behaviour.html accessed Ref6 http://www.teacherinduction.ie/Downloads/Teaching%20%20Learning%20docs/Improving%20Pedagogy%20in%20Infant%20Classes.pdf accessed

Comparing the Wise Men of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and SHE :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Wise Men of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and SHE I have heard it said that a smart person learns from his own mistakes but a wise person learns from the mistakes of others. In the two books, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and SHE, we have two characters that emerge as wise men. In Jekyll, it is the character of Utterson, the stoic but curious lawyer, and in SHE it is the character of Holly, the stoic but curious academic. It is interesting to note that neither character chooses this fate of wise man, but rather has it thrust upon him through fate and curious circumstances. It is because of their high moral character that they are selected to bear witness to extraordinary events. The question is, how far are we willing to go to push the bounds of knowledge; when do we stop being smart and start being wise?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Curiosity begets the quest for knowledge and curiosity is essential to these characters, "If he be Mr. Hyde, I shall be Mr. Seek"(Jekyll, pg 8), Utterson thinks to himself as he begins his journey. In order to become wise though, it is important to avoid being consumed by that which you seek. Instead, it is crucial to bear witness to that which either limits us or somehow gives us a greater understanding of ourselves. Holly at first is skeptical. "Anyway, I believe the whole thing is the most unmitigated rubbish. I know that there are curious things and forces in nature which we rarely meet with, and, when we do meet them, cannot understand. But until I see it with my own eyes, which I am not likely to, I never will believe that there is any means of avoiding death"(SHE, pg 46-47). I wonder if Utterson would not have responded similarly had he known what depths he was about to plumb. Nevertheless, Holly takes up the quest in the name of du ty and adventure or maybe it is just plain curiosity.  Ã‚   These two characters share a common purpose in that they have both been entrusted with something valuable yet perplexing. For Utterson, it is Jekyll's will and for Holly it is the chest given to him by Vincey as well as the responsibility for his only son Leo. This idea of trust is important because the wise must be of a certain moral character as well as educational background to accept knowledge that will extend the bounds of reason without corrupting that which they learn.